A scale inhibitor composition for reducing calcium scale under stressed conditions is disclosed. The composition comprises an aqueous polymerization reaction product of an acrylic acid and a chain transfer agent, the reaction product comprising a low-molecular weight acrylic acid polymer having a weight averaged molecular weight (Mw) of from about 1,300 to about 15,000 Daltons. A method of preparing the scale inhibitor composition is also disclosed, and comprises reacting the acrylic acid and the chain transfer agent to give the reaction product comprising the acrylic acid polymer. A process for ameliorating calcite scale in a mining operation is further disclosed. The process comprises adding the scale inhibitor composition to process water comprising at least one stressed scaling condition.

The present invention relates to an apparatus for water descaling. The system comprises hydrodynamic cavitation reactors with a cavitator selected from the group consisting of an orifice plate, venturi and a rotating cavitator, in combination with an infrared radiation emitter. Combination of hydrodynamic cavitation reactor with infrared radiation achieves effective salt precipitation from the hard water with reduced pressure drop and reduced number of recirculation, resulting in higher savings due to reduced energy costs.

A water purification valve mechanism includes a body provided with a static valve plate having therein a first passage, a second passage, a third passage, a fourth closed passage, a fifth passage, a sixth closed passage and a seventh passage respectively and radially defined through a surface of the static valve plate and a dynamic valve plate rotatably provided on top of the static valve plate, wherein the second passage, the third passage, the fourth passage, the fifth passage, the sixth passage and the seventh passage are divergently defined around the first passage; and a driving device mounted inside the body to drive the dynamic valve plate to rotate.

A water softener valve mechanism includes a body provided with a first inlet, a first outlet and a first discharge. The body has a static valve plate provided with a first passage, a second passage, a third passage, a fourth passage, a fifth passage and a sixth passage and a second discharge and a dynamic plate rotatable relative to the static plate and having an elongated recess defined in a side face of the dynamic plate and a third inlet in communication with the first inlet of the body and to selectively communicate with the first passage, the second passage, the third passage, the fourth passage, the fifth passage and the sixth passage, and a driving device mounted inside the body to drive the dynamic valve plate to rotate.

A water softener valve mechanism includes a body provided with a main inlet, a main outlet and a discharge. The body has a static valve plate provided with a first passage, a second passage, a third passage, a fourth passage, a blind fifth passage, a sixth passage and a seventh passage and a dynamic plate rotatable relative to the static plate and having an elongated blind hole defined in a side face of the dynamic plate and an aligning hole to selectively communicate with the first passage, the second passage, the third passage and the fourth passage and a driving device mounted inside the body to drive the dynamic valve plate to rotate.

A filtration system for a pet water fountain is provided. The filtration system utilizes a pump placed within or along a watering bowl. The water filtration system also utilizes a multi-stage filtering device. In one aspect, the multi-stage filtering device includes a first filtering stage representing copper zinc alloy particles, and a second filtering stage representing granulated activated carbon particles. Each stage may constitute filtering material that is separated into an array of cells residing along a vertical frame or is separated into stages placed in series within a tubular cartridge. A method for filtering water in a pet fountain is also provided herein.

A method of concentrating a process fluid, including a carrier fluid, including: (a) maintaining a process fluid at a predetermined temperature value/range; (b) evaporating the carrier fluid from the process fluid to produce a concentrated process fluid; (c) monitoring at least one process variable of steps (a) or (b) to detect fouling formed in either step (a) or (b); and (d) initiating a cleaning protocol if the process variable deviates from a predetermined value/range to reduce the fouling formed.

Compositions and methods and systems for treating wastewater within a wastewater treatment system of described. In an embodiment, a method for treating wastewater may include adding a magnesium compound to wastewater within a wastewater treatment system. The method may also include adding an effective amount of a dispersing agent and one or more of a free magnesium control agent and a seed material to wastewater within the wastewater treatment system to control the formation of struvite scale within the wastewater treatment system. Other compositions and methods are described.

Disclosed herein are graphene quantum dot tagged water source treatment compounds or polymers, and methods of making and using. Also described herein are tagged compositions including an industrial water source treatment compound or polymer combined with a graphene quantum dot tagged water source treatment compound or polymer. The tagged materials are tailored to fluoresce at wavelengths with minimized correspondence to the natural or “background” fluorescence of irradiated materials in industrial water sources, enabling quantification of the concentration of the water source treatment compound or polymer in situ by irradiation and fluorescence measurement of the water source containing the tagged water source treatment compound or polymer. The fluorescence measurement methods are similarly useful to quantify mixtures of tagged and untagged water source treatment compounds or polymers present in an industrial water source.

Provided is a membrane distillation system capable of real-time monitoring on membrane scaling, which includes: a raw water storage tank configured to store various kinds of fluid; a membrane distillation water treatment unit configured to receive raw water stored in the raw water storage tank to generate pure water, the membrane distillation water treatment unit having an inlet water chamber into which an inlet water flows from the raw water storage tank, a membrane for separating the inlet water in the inlet water chamber into a steam and a concentrated water, and a treated water chamber for receiving the steam separated by the membrane and concentrating the steam; and a membrane wetting detection unit disposed opposite to the membrane to detect a membrane wetting phenomenon and a membrane wetting location of the membrane by measuring a light passing through the membrane in real time.