Continuous flow submerged combustion melter cooling wall panels, including a primary metal plate, and several 90 degree metal pieces welded to the primary metal plate in parallel configuration, each of the 90 degree metal pieces having metal leg plates forming a 90 degree vertex there between. Each metal leg plate has an edge distal to the vertex, the distal edge of the first metal leg plate welded to the first major surface of the primary metal plate, the distal edge of the second metal leg plate welded to the vertex of an adjacent 90 degree metal piece. The plurality of 90 degree metal pieces may have a length (l) such that l<L, each welded to the primary metal plate in staggered configuration to form, along with first and second end plates and a seal plate, a serpentine continuous flow coolant channel.

A melter apparatus includes a floor, a ceiling, and a wall connecting the floor and ceiling at a perimeter of the floor and ceiling, a melting zone being defined by the floor, ceiling and wall, the melting zone having a feed inlet and a molten glass outlet positioned at opposing ends of the melting zone. Melter apparatus include an exit end having a melter exit structure for discharging turbulent molten glass formed by one or more submerged combustion burners, the melter exit structure fluidly and mechanically connecting the melter vessel to a molten glass conditioning channel. The melter exit structure includes a fluid-cooled transition channel configured to form a frozen glass layer or highly viscous glass layer, or combination thereof, on inner surfaces of the fluid-cooled transition channel and thus protect the melter exit structure from mechanical energy imparted from the melter vessel to the melter exit structure.

A glass furnace includes a furnace chamber for containing glass melt and a conveyor for receiving glass batch material and feeding the glass batch material to the furnace chamber. A dam wall is disposed with respect to the conveyor such that batch material from the conveyor must flow upward over the dam wall before entering the furnace chamber. The top of the dam wall may be below the level of the melt pool in the furnace chamber.

A glass furnace includes a furnace chamber including a side wall and a bottom wall and containing a pool of glass melt having a melt level. A batch feed hopper is adjacent to the side wall of the furnace chamber to supply batch material under gravity to a bottom of the hopper. A feed opening is in the side wall of the furnace chamber and feeds batch material from the bottom of the hopper to the pool of glass melt below the melt level. A conveyor is proximate the bottom wall of the hopper and feeds the batch material from the bottom of the hopper through the feed opening and into the furnace chamber.

Feedstock supply structure apparatus, including an exhaust conduit fluidly and mechanically connectable to a structure defining a melting chamber, the exhaust conduit positioned at an angle to vertical ranging from 0 to about 90 degrees. The exhaust conduit may include a heat exchange substructure, or the conduit itself may serve as a heat exchanger. A feedstock supply structure fluidly connected to the exhaust conduit. Systems include a structure defining a melting chamber and an exhaust conduit fluidly connected to the structure. The exhaust conduit includes a heat exchange substructure for preheating the feedstock. Methods include supplying a granular or pellet-sized feedstock to the melter exhaust conduit, the exhaust conduit including the heat exchange substructure, and preheating the feedstock by indirect or direct contact with melter exhaust in the heat exchange substructure.

A process for melting vitrifiable materials to produce flat glass, including (i) providing a furnace having at least one melting tank with electrical heating means, a fining tank with oxy-combustion heating means, a neck separating melting tank and fining tank, inlet mean(s) located at the melting tank and outlet mean(s) located downstream of the fining tank; (ii) charging the vitrifiable materials including raw materials and cullet in the melting tank, the amount of cullet being at least 10% in weight of the total amount of vitrifiable materials and the raw materials including less than 25% in weight of carbonate compounds; (iii) melting the vitrifiable materials in the melting tank; (iv) fining melt by heating with the oxy-combustion heating means; (v) flowing the melt from the fining tank to a working zone through the outlet mean(s); and (vi) capturing CO.sub.2 from flue gas having a CO.sub.2 concentration of at least 35%.

The present invention generally relates to a process for fabricating Chloro Alkali Phosphate Doped/Codoped by rare earth ions for optical laser amplifiers. The process includes mixing 38-42 wt. % of Phosphorus pentoxide (P.sub.2O.sub.5), 28-32 wt. % of Zinc oxide (ZnO), 9-11 wt. % of Barium fluoride (BaF.sub.2), 17-19 wt. % of Lithium chloride (LiCl), and 1-3 wt. % of Lead(II) fluoride (PbF.sub.2); filling a silica, platinum, and alumina crucible to the mixture; heating the mixture upon increasing a furnace temperature to 1000-1050 C. at a rate of 10 C. per minute and maintaining it for two hours to melt the glass; and pouring the glass melt into a preheated stainless steel mold at 350 C. and transferring the mold to a holding furnace heated to 350-370 C. and annealing for two hours thereby cooling to room temperature to obtain Chloro Alkali Phosphate matrix glass that is undoped, doped, or codoped with high thermal stability.

The present invention generally relates to a process for fabricating Chloro Alkali Phosphate Doped/Codoped by rare earth ions for optical laser amplifiers. The process includes mixing 38-42 wt. % of Phosphorus pentoxide (P.sub.2O.sub.5), 28-32 wt. % of Zinc oxide (ZnO), 9-11 wt. % of Barium fluoride (BaF.sub.2), 17-19 wt. % of Lithium chloride (LiCl), and 1-3 wt. % of Lead(II) fluoride (PbF.sub.2); filling a silica, platinum, and alumina crucible to the mixture; heating the mixture upon increasing a furnace temperature to 1000-1050 C. at a rate of 10 C. per minute and maintaining it for two hours to melt the glass; and pouring the glass melt into a preheated stainless steel mold at 350 C. and transferring the mold to a holding furnace heated to 350-370 C. and annealing for two hours thereby cooling to room temperature to obtain Chloro Alkali Phosphate matrix glass that is undoped, doped, or codoped with high thermal stability.

A process for melting vitrifiable materials to produce flat glass, including (i) providing a furnace having at least one melting tank with electrical heating means, a fining tank with oxy-combustion heating means, a neck separating melting tank and fining tank, an inlet located at the melting tank and an outlet located downstream of the fining tank; (ii) charging the vitrifiable materials including raw materials and cullet in the melting tank, the amount of cullet being at least 10% in weight of the total amount of vitrifiable materials; (iii) cullet pre-heating; (iv) melting the vitrifiable materials in the melting tank by heating with the electrical heating means; (v) fining melt in the fining tank by heating with the oxy-combustion heating means; (vi) flowing the melt from the fining tank to a working zone through the outlet; and (vii) capturing CO.sub.2 from flue gas.

A process for melting vitrifiable materials to produce flat glass, including (i) providing a furnace having at least one melting tank with electrical heating means, a fining tank with oxy-combustion heating means, a neck separating melting tank and fining tank, inlet mean(s) located at the melting tank and outlet mean(s) located downstream of the fining tank; (ii) charging the vitrifiable materials comprising raw materials and cullet in the melting tank with the inlet mean(s), the amount of cullet being at least 10% in weight of the total amount of vitrifiable materials; (iii) melting the vitrifiable materials in the melting tank; (iv) fining melt in the fining tank by heating with the oxy-combustion heating means; (v) flowing the melt from the fining tank to a working zone; and (vi) capturing CO.sub.2 from flue gas, the flue gas having a CO.sub.2 concentration of at least 35%.