A wavelength conversion element converts excitation light to light with a different wavelength. The wavelength conversion element includes a substrate including an upper surface, and a wavelength converter on the upper surface of the substrate. The wavelength converter includes a phosphor including a plurality of phosphor particles, molten glass in contact with the plurality of phosphor particles and binding the plurality of phosphor particles to one another, and voids at least between the plurality of phosphor particles, in the molten glass, or between the plurality of phosphor particles and the molten glass. A maximum area of areas of the voids is less than a maximum area of areas of the plurality of phosphor particles in a cross-sectional view of the wavelength converter.

A glass ceramic includes feldspar crystal phases, non-crystalline glass phases, Al.sub.2O.sub.3 phases, and SiO.sub.2 phases. At least one pair of the Al.sub.2O.sub.3 phases is bonded via at least one of the feldspar crystal phases.

Methods for making articles comprising crystalline material. Exemplary articles made by a method described herein include electronics enclosure (e.g., a watch case, cellular phone case, or a tablet case).

The present application discloses a method for preparing porous glass for an electronic cigarette, comprising the following steps: heating quartz glass to a molten state for granulation; mixing boron-silicon powder and quartz glass granules, and heating a mixture to a temperature between 600° C. to 900° C. to cover peripheries of the quartz glass granules with the boron-silicon powder; and sintering the quartz glass granules covered with boron-silicon in a preset mold to obtain the porous glass for the electronic cigarette. The technical solution according to the present application can greatly improve the smoking taste of the electronic cigarette.

A process of forming a sintered article includes heating a green portion of a tape of polycrystalline ceramic and/or minerals in organic binder at a binder removal zone to a temperature sufficient to pyrolyze the binder; horizontally conveying the portion of tape with organic binder removed from the binder removal zone to a sintering zone; and sintering polycrystalline ceramic and/or minerals of the portion of tape at the sintering zone, wherein the tape simultaneously extends through the removal and sintering zones.

A process of forming a sintered article includes heating a green portion of a tape of polycrystalline ceramic and/or minerals in organic binder at a binder removal zone to a temperature sufficient to pyrolyze the binder; horizontally conveying the portion of tape with organic binder removed from the binder removal zone to a sintering zone; and sintering polycrystalline ceramic and/or minerals of the portion of tape at the sintering zone, wherein the tape simultaneously extends through the removal and sintering zones.

Solid lithium-ion ceramic electrolyte membranes have an average thickness of less than 200 micrometers. A constituent electrolyte material has an average grain size of less than 10 micrometers. The solid lithium-ion ceramic electrolyte is free-standing. Alternatively, solid lithium-ion electrolyte membranes have a composition represented by Li.sub.1+x−yM.sub.xM′.sub.2−x−yM″.sub.y(PO.sub.4).sub.3, where M is a 3.sup.+ ion, M′ is a 4.sup.+ ion, M″ is a 5.sup.+ ion, 0≤x≤2 and 0≤y≤2.

Solid lithium-ion ceramic electrolyte membranes have an average thickness of less than 200 micrometers. A constituent electrolyte material has an average grain size of less than 10 micrometers. The solid lithium-ion ceramic electrolyte is free-standing. Alternatively, solid lithium-ion electrolyte membranes have a composition represented by Li.sub.1+x−yM.sub.xM′.sub.2−x−yM″.sub.y(PO.sub.4).sub.3, where M is a 3.sup.+ ion, M′ is a 4.sup.+ ion, M″ is a 5.sup.+ ion, 0≤x≤2 and 0≤y≤2.

A method of making a porous structure configured for use in a particulate filter includes bonding a plurality of glass bubbles to one another, and breaching the plurality of glass bubbles. Voids within individual breached glass bubbles open into one another to form cavities that extend through the porous structure.

A method of making a porous structure configured for use in a particulate filter includes bonding a plurality of glass bubbles to one another, and breaching the plurality of glass bubbles. Voids within individual breached glass bubbles open into one another to form cavities that extend through the porous structure.