A method of producing a melt includes contacting a first heating element directly with an inside of a solid-liquid mixture layer including a batch raw material of glass and a mixture of solid and liquid phases denatured from the batch raw material to apply thermal energy to the solid-liquid mixture layer by heat transfer from the first heating element, supplying the batch raw material from the above of the solid-liquid mixture layer, and continuously producing a liquid phase melt with a bulk density greater than that of the solid-liquid mixture layer in a lower layer in contact with the solid-liquid mixture layer.

A method of making a surface-active glass as regenerative anti-fouling material comprising mixing Na.sub.2O and B.sub.2O.sub.3, creating a surface-active glass with a water-soluble glass matrix, wherein the surface-active glass comprises a sodium borate glass consisting of 25 mol % Na.sub.2O and 75 mol % B.sub.2O.sub.3 or wherein the surface-active glass comprises a sodium aluminoborate glass consisting of 10-30 mol % Al.sub.2O.sub.3, 10-30 mol % Na.sub.2O and 70-40 mol % B.sub.2O.sub.3.

An electrostatic clamp (300) and a method for manufacturing the same is disclosed. The electrostatic clamp includes a first layer (302) having a first ultra-low expansion (ULE) material, a second layer (304) coupled to the first layer, having a second ULE material, and a third layer (306), coupled to the second layer, having a third ULE material. The electrostatic clamp further includes a plurality of fluid channels (316) located between the first layer and the second layer and a composite layer (308) interposed between the second layer and the third layer. The method for manufacturing the electrostatic clamp includes forming the plurality of fluid channels, disposing the composite layer on the third layer, and coupling the third layer to the second layer. The plurality of fluid channels is configured to carry a thermally conditioned fluid for temperature regulation of a clamped object.

A heater includes a heat generating member being conductive and configured to radiate heat rays by being fed with electric power, and a tubular member constituting of a metal and accommodating the heat generating member, wherein the heat generating member is composed of a material containing carbon at 80% or more by mass, the tubular member is composed of a material including one or more selected from platinum, rhodium, tungsten, iridium, and molybdenum, and an insulating material is not provided between the heat generating member and the tubular member.

A heater includes a heat generating member being conductive and configured to radiate heat rays by being fed with electric power, and a tubular member constituting of a metal and accommodating the heat generating member, wherein the heat generating member is composed of a material containing carbon at 80% or more by mass, the tubular member is composed of a material including one or more selected from platinum, rhodium, tungsten, iridium, and molybdenum, and an insulating material is not provided between the heat generating member and the tubular member.

Photosensitive lithium zinc aluminosilicate glasses that can be selectively irradiated and cerammed to provide patterned regions of glass and lithium-based glass ceramic, and composite glass articles made from such glasses and glass ceramics are provided. Compressive and tensile stress at the interface of the lithium-based glass-ceramic and lithium zinc aluminosilicate glass may be used to frustrate crack propagation in such a composite glass/glass ceramic article. Methods of making composite glass articles comprising such lithium-based glass ceramics and lithium zinc aluminosilicate glasses are also provided.

Photosensitive lithium zinc aluminosilicate glasses that can be selectively irradiated and cerammed to provide patterned regions of glass and lithium-based glass ceramic, and composite glass articles made from such glasses and glass ceramics are provided. Compressive and tensile stress at the interface of the lithium-based glass-ceramic and lithium zinc aluminosilicate glass may be used to frustrate crack propagation in such a composite glass/glass ceramic article. Methods of making composite glass articles comprising such lithium-based glass ceramics and lithium zinc aluminosilicate glasses are also provided.

A method for producing a glass article having high hydrolytic resistance is provided. A glass tube consisting of borosilicate glass and having an Al.sub.2O.sub.3 content of less than 1 weight-%, a ZrO.sub.2 content of 2-12 weight-%, and a glass transition temperature T.sub.g is reshaped into a glass article and is subsequently subjected to a thermal post-treatment. To reduce the alkali release of the glass article, the glass article is subjected to a treatment temperature of T.sub.B≥T.sub.g+5° K over a treatment time of t.sub.B≥5 min and is subsequently cooled during the thermal post-treatment.

A method for producing a glass article having high hydrolytic resistance is provided. A glass tube consisting of borosilicate glass and having an Al.sub.2O.sub.3 content of less than 1 weight-%, a ZrO.sub.2 content of 2-12 weight-%, and a glass transition temperature T.sub.g is reshaped into a glass article and is subsequently subjected to a thermal post-treatment. To reduce the alkali release of the glass article, the glass article is subjected to a treatment temperature of T.sub.B≥T.sub.g+5° K over a treatment time of t.sub.B≥5 min and is subsequently cooled during the thermal post-treatment.

A manufacturing method of a glass panel for a glass panel unit includes a melting step, a spreading step, an annealing step, a cutting step, and a spacer disposition step. The spacer disposition step is a step of disposing spacers onto a glass sheet and is performed by a spacer disposition device prior to the cutting step.