A mixture including glass fragments is located in a containment vessel and is processed in a kiln to form a commercially useful building product. The mixture is initially heated over a first time period to a first temperature intermediate the glass transition point temperature and about 950 C. or 1,100 C. (Section A). At the first temperature the glass fragments slump and bond to each other and the mixture is soaked at this temperature for a second time period (Section B). After reducing the temperature (Section C), the mixture is annealed for another time period (Section D). Finally, the kiln is cooled to allow the mixture to be removed (Section E).

The invention relates to a process for the preparation of a glass-ceramic blank for dental purposes with lithium silicate as crystal phase, in which lithium silicate blanks that are no longer required and in particular residues thereof are used as starting material and which allows the production of a homogeneous starting glass within a short time.

A method of making mineral wool fibers comprising:

30 to 55 wt %; SiO.sub.2, and
10 to 30 wt % Al.sub.2O.sub.3, and
4 to 14 wt % total iron expressed as Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, and
either a) 20 to 35 wt % of the combination of CaO and MgO; and less than 8 wt % of the combination of Na.sub.2O and K.sub.2O; or b) 8 to 23 wt % of the combination of CaO and MgO; and 4 to 24 wt % of the combination of Na.sub.2O and K.sub.2O;
comprises introducing mineral batch materials in to a melter, melting the mineral batch materials to provide a melt and fiberizing the melt to form the mineral wool fibers. The mineral batch materials introduced in to the melter comprise a first batch material comprising:
52 to 68 wt % SiO.sub.2, notably 52 to 62 wt % SiO.sub.2, and
12 to 30 wt % Al.sub.2O.sub.3, notably 12 to 16 wt % Al.sub.2O.sub.3, and
0 to 25 wt % CaO, notably 16 to 25 wt % CaO, and
0 to 12 wt % MgO, notably 0 to 5 wt % MgO, and
0 to 10 wt % B.sub.2O.sub.3, notably 0 to 2 wt % B.sub.2O.sub.3, and
0 to 2 wt % of the combination of Li.sub.2O+Na.sub.2O+K.sub.2O, and
0 to 1.5 wt % TiO.sub.2, and
0.05 to 1 wt % total iron expressed as Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, and
0 to 1 wt % fluoride.

Proppants and methods for their preparation are described herein. The proppants can be prepared by a process comprising (a) directing the molten slag material at a temperature above 1300 C. to an atomizing apparatus to output the molten slag material in the form of atomized droplets, (b) projecting the droplets of the molten slag material, wherein a substantial portion of the droplets at least partially solidifies in flight, (c) maintaining the at least partially solidified droplets at a temperature between 700 C. and 1300 C. to provide proppant particles having a crystalline phase; and (d) cooling the proppant particles to below 700 C. Methods for hydraulic fracturing of a well in a subterranean formation having a fracturing stress are also described herein.

The present invention relates to the methods of recycling electrochromic devices and also designing such devices while keeping recyclability in perspective. Recyclability includes recovering of certain materials for re-use within the same application or other applications. Using recycling reduces or eliminates waste stream quantities to be disposed of and/or reduces toxicity of these waste streams.

A glass/quartz composite structure comprises quartz grit, quartz powder and glass grit wherein the glass grit is in an amount greater than 50% by weight of the composite structure, and a binding resin. The glass/quartz composite structure may be formed into a 1.2-1.5 cm thick slab for countertops using standard cabinet perimeter support. The slab may be made by mixing the quartz grit, the quartz powder, the glass grit, and the binding resin, pouring the mixture in a mold, and compacting the mixture in the mold. Specific natural mineral components may be added to the glass/quartz/resin composite structure to provide aesthetics of specific natural stones.

The present invention relates to a method for producing mineral material suitable for use as raw material in a glass melting method, comprising: supplying a main tank with a vitrifiable mixture of materials comprising recycling materials comprising organic matter; melting the vitrifiable mixture of materials in the main tank using submerged burners to obtain a melt; and introducing a solid oxidant into the melt.

The invention discloses a method for preparing lead smelting slag glass-ceramics based on the oxidation of silicon-rich silicon smelting slag and composition adjustment, and belongs to the technical field of resource utilization of smelting slag rich in monatomic silicon. The method comprises the steps: mixing the silicon slag rich in monatomic silicon with an oxidant, a fluxing agent and a clarifying agent according to a formula ratio, ball-milling and screening to obtain a tempering raw material with uniform size, and performing high-temperature oxidation melting on the tempering raw material to form an oxidation-state molten tempering material; and carrying out further mixed melting on the molten tempering material and hot lead slag, carrying out water quenching to obtain basic glass, and carrying out heat treatment system on the obtained basic glass to form the glass ceramics. According to the method, the smelting slag rich in monatomic silicon is subjected to oxidation tempering and mixed melting with the hot lead slag to prepare the basic glass, and the glass ceramics are obtained by regulating and controlling the heat treatment system of the basic glass. The method is simple in technological process, high in production efficiency and low in cost, achieves the collaborative high-value conversion target of the silicon-rich silicon slag and the lead slag, and is easy to industrially popularize and apply.

The present invention relates to the methods of recycling electrochromic devices and also designing such devices while keeping recyclability in perspective. Recyclability includes recovering of certain materials for re-use within the same application or other applications. Using recycling reduces or eliminates waste stream quantities to be disposed of and/or reduces toxicity of these waste streams.

Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to methods and materials for fabricating building materials and other components from coal. More specifically, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to materials and other components, such as char clay plaster, char brick, and foam glass fabricated from coal, and to methods of forming such materials. In an embodiment is provided a building material fabrication method. The method includes mixing an organic solvent with coal, under solvent extraction conditions, to form a coal extraction residue, and heating the coal extraction residue under pyrolysis conditions to form a pyrolysis char, the pyrolysis conditions comprising a temperature greater than about 500 C. The method further includes mixing the pyrolysis char with water and with one or more of clay, cement, or sand to create a mixture, and molding and curing the mixture to form a building material. Pyrolysis char-containing materials are also disclosed.