Provided is an antireflective-film attached transparent substrate, which contains a transparent substrate having two principal surfaces and an antireflective film formed on one of the principal surfaces of the transparent substrate, in which the antireflective-film attached transparent substrate has a luminous transmittance being in a range of 20% to 85% and a b* value of a transmission color being 5 or smaller under a D65 light source, and the antireflective film has a luminous reflectance being 1% or lower and a sheet resistance being 10.sup.4/ or higher.

An active optical fibre, including: a core; an inner cladding substantially surrounding the core, whereby the core and the inner cladding form an area configured to propagate pump radiation; an outer cladding comprised of at least a third material with at least a third refractive index substantially surrounding the inner cladding, the third refractive index being smaller than the second refractive index, whereby the outer cladding confines pump radiation to the core and the inner cladding; and a coating comprised of a thermally conductive material substantially surrounding the outer cladding, wherein the inner cladding is configured to reduce impact of spatial hole-burning on absorption of the pump radiation as the pump radiation propagates through the active optical fibre, and wherein the thermally conductive material of the coating supports a reduced temperature increase between the area and an outer surface of the coating.

An active optical fibre, including: a core; an inner cladding substantially surrounding the core, whereby the core and the inner cladding form an area configured to propagate pump radiation; an outer cladding comprised of at least a third material with at least a third refractive index substantially surrounding the inner cladding, the third refractive index being smaller than the second refractive index, whereby the outer cladding confines pump radiation to the core and the inner cladding; and a coating comprised of a thermally conductive material substantially surrounding the outer cladding, wherein the inner cladding is configured to reduce impact of spatial hole-burning on absorption of the pump radiation as the pump radiation propagates through the active optical fibre, and wherein the thermally conductive material of the coating supports a reduced temperature increase between the area and an outer surface of the coating.

A window includes a base region and a compressive stress region disposed on the base region. The compressive stress region includes Li.sup.+, Na.sup.+, and K.sup.+ ions. The compressive stress region includes a first compressive stress portion in which a concentration of the K.sup.+ ions decreases, a concentration of Na.sup.+ ions increases, and a concentration of the Li.sup.+ ions increases, from a surface of the window toward the base region. A second compressive stress portion is adjacent to the first compressive stress portion. In the second compressive stress portion, the concentration of the Na.sup.+ ion decreases and the concentration of the Li.sup.+ ion increases, from the first compressive stress portion toward the base region. The window thereby has a high surface compressive stress value and impact resistance.

In some embodiments, an electrode can include a current collector, a composite material in electrical communication with the current collector, and at least one phase configured to adhere the composite material to the current collector. The current collector can include one or more layers of metal, and the composite material can include electrochemically active material. The at least one phase can include a compound of the metal and the electrochemically active material. In some embodiments, a composite material can include electrochemically active material. The composite material can also include at least one phase configured to bind electrochemically active particles of the electrochemically active material together. The at least one phase can include a compound of metal and the electrochemically active material.

A glass article includes lithium aluminosilicate, includes a first surface, a second surface opposed to the first surface, a first compressive region extending from the first surface to a first compression depth, a second compressive region extending from the second surface to a second compression depth, and, a tensile region disposed between the first compression depth and the second compression depth, where a stress profile of the first compressive region has a first local minimum point at which the stress profile is convex downward and a first local maximum point at which the stress profile is convex upward, where a depth of the first local maximum point is greater than a depth of the first local minimum point, and where a stress of the first local maximum point is greater than a compressive stress of the first local minimum point.

A window includes a base region and a compressive stress region disposed on the base region. The compressive stress region includes Li.sup.+, Na.sup.+, and K.sup.+ ions. The compressive stress region includes a first compressive stress portion in which a concentration of the K.sup.+ ions decreases, a concentration of Na.sup.+ ions increases, and a concentration of the Li.sup.+ ions increases, from a surface of the window toward the base region. A second compressive stress portion is adjacent to the first compressive stress portion. In the second compressive stress portion, the concentration of the Na.sup.+ ion decreases and the concentration of the Li.sup.+ ion increases, from the first compressive stress portion toward the base region. The window thereby has a high surface compressive stress value and impact resistance.

A window includes a base region and a compressive stress region disposed on the base region. The compressive stress region includes Li.sup.+, Na.sup.+, and K.sup.+ ions. The compressive stress region includes a first compressive stress portion in which a concentration of the K.sup.+ ions decreases, a concentration of Na.sup.+ ions increases, and a concentration of the Li.sup.+ ions increases, from a surface of the window toward the base region. A second compressive stress portion is adjacent to the first compressive stress portion. In the second compressive stress portion, the concentration of the Na.sup.+ ion decreases and the concentration of the Li.sup.+ ion increases, from the first compressive stress portion toward the base region. The window thereby has a high surface compressive stress value and impact resistance.

Methods of forming vias in substrates having at least one damage region extending from a first surface etching the at least one damage region of the substrate to form a via in the substrate, wherein the via extends through the thickness T of the substrate while the first surface of the substrate is masked. The mask is removed from the first surface of the substrate after etching and upon removal of the mask the first surface of the substrate has a surface roughness (Rq) of about less than 1.0 nm.

Described are molds that include a ceramic material at a surface, as well as methods of forming the molds, and methods of using the molds; the ceramic material is constituted substantially, mostly, or entirely of three elemental components designated M, A, and X; the M component is at least one transition metal; the A component is one or a combination of Si, Al, Ge, Pb, Sn, Ga, P, S, In, As, Tl, and Cd; and the X component is carbon, nitrogen, or a combination thereof.