The present disclosure concerns copper coatings on glass with a thickness of about 8 to 10 nm to maintain high levels of transparency. In some aspects, the coatings are of copper, copper (I) oxide, and/or copper (II) oxide. In some aspects, the copper coatings as set forth herein provide an antiviral and/or antimicrobial surface for safer touch-screen devices.

A pseudo-reference electrode comprising a pseudo-reference glass material backed by a silver conductor comprising silver metal, wherein the pseudo-reference glass material is a chalcogenide glass comprising a silver chalcogenide Ag2Ch, wherein Ch denotes a chalcogen, or a halide glass comprising a silver halide and at least one glass-forming oxide of a metal or a metalloid, a mixture of two or more of these glasses, or a composite of at least one of these glasses. This pseudo-reference electrode can be used in ion-selective electrode (ISE) sensors and ion-selective field effect transistors (ISFETs).

A pseudo-reference electrode comprising a pseudo-reference glass material backed by a silver conductor comprising silver metal, wherein the pseudo-reference glass material is a chalcogenide glass comprising a silver chalcogenide Ag2Ch, wherein Ch denotes a chalcogen, or a halide glass comprising a silver halide and at least one glass-forming oxide of a metal or a metalloid, a mixture of two or more of these glasses, or a composite of at least one of these glasses. This pseudo-reference electrode can be used in ion-selective electrode (ISE) sensors and ion-selective field effect transistors (ISFETs).

Disclosed herein are laminated glass articles having a hard scratch resistant outer surface. In some embodiments, the laminated glass article includes a glass core layer and a glass clad layer. In some embodiments, the laminated glass article includes a glass core layer sandwiched between two glass clad layers. In some embodiments, the clad glass is selected from the group of consisting of: aluminate glasses; oxynitride glasses; rare earth/transition metal glasses; beryl glasses; and glasses containing lithium, zirconium, or both lithium and zirconium. Such glass compositions can thus be used in forming the clad layer.

There is provided a gas trapping material and vacuum heat insulation equipment where the gas trapping material can be activated in a sealing step of the vacuum heat insulation equipment, and production efficiency can be enhanced by maintaining a high gas trapping characteristic even when a gas is released in a baking step or in a sealing step under an air atmosphere. The gas trapping material contains porous metal oxide and silver particles having an average particle size of 0.5 nm to 100 nm inclusive.

Methods of manufacturing a glass-based article include exposing a glass-based substrate to a molten salt bath including a first salt and a second salt. In aspects, the first salt includes a metal ion that has a larger ionic radii than an alkali metal of the glass-based substrate and a first anion, and the second salt dissolved in the molten salt bath includes the same metal ion as the first salt and a second anion different from the first anion. In aspects, the first salt is potassium nitrate, the second salt is potassium carbonate, and a concentration of the potassium carbonate remains at or below its solubility limit in the molten salt bath.

Methods of manufacturing a glass-based article include exposing a glass-based substrate to a molten salt bath including a first salt and a second salt. In aspects, the first salt includes a metal ion that has a larger ionic radii than an alkali metal of the glass-based substrate and a first anion, and the second salt dissolved in the molten salt bath includes the same metal ion as the first salt and a second anion different from the first anion. In aspects, the first salt is potassium nitrate, the second salt is potassium carbonate, and a concentration of the potassium carbonate remains at or below its solubility limit in the molten salt bath.

A conductive paste for forming a solar cell electrode, including: a conductive powder containing silver as a main component; glass frit; and an organic vehicle, wherein the glass frit contains tellurium glass frit having tellurium oxide as a network-forming component. The conductive paste of the present invention makes it possible to form a solar cell electrode having a low dependence on firing temperature without causing problems due to fire-through into the substrate, and to thereby obtain a solar cell having good solar cell characteristics.

What is disclosed is a lead-free glass, which is a V.sub.2O.sub.5—TeO.sub.2—RO (at least one selected from the group consisting of MgO, CaO, SrO, and BaO)—ZnO glass and has a low softening point, comprising: 5-55 wt % of V.sub.2O.sub.5, 5-75 wt % of TeO.sub.2, 1-25 wt % of RO (at least one selected from the group consisting of MgO, CaO, SrO, and BaO) in total, 0.1-6 wt % of ZnO, and 0.1-3 wt % of R.sub.2O (at least one selected from the group consisting of Li.sub.2O, Na.sub.2O, and K.sub.2O) in total. This glass can be used as a sealing material providing fluidity which is capable of being sealed at a temperature of 400° C. or less

Frontside metallization pastes for solar cell electrodes prepared from glass frit containing rare earth metals such as lanthanum and yttrium are disclosed. Electrodes prepared from the metallization pastes exhibit improved adhesion, reliability, and excellent electrical properties.