A cover window, a manufacturing method of a cover window, and a display device including a cover window are provided. A cover window includes a folding portion and a non-folding portion, and the folding portion includes an inside surface that is compressed when folded and an outside surface that is stretched when folded, the folding portion includes a first layer adjacent to the outside surface, a second layer adjacent to the inside surface, and a third layer between the first layer and the second layer, the folding portion and the non-folding portion include at least one metal ion, a concentration of the metal ion included in the second layer is higher than a concentration of the metal ion included in the first layer, and the first layer includes a plurality of depletion regions.

A cover window, a manufacturing method of a cover window, and a display device including a cover window are provided. A cover window includes a folding portion and a non-folding portion, and the folding portion includes an inside surface that is compressed when folded and an outside surface that is stretched when folded, the folding portion includes a first layer adjacent to the outside surface, a second layer adjacent to the inside surface, and a third layer between the first layer and the second layer, the folding portion and the non-folding portion include at least one metal ion, a concentration of the metal ion included in the second layer is higher than a concentration of the metal ion included in the first layer, and the first layer includes a plurality of depletion regions.

A method for treating a surface of an ionic amorphous material for use thereof in the design of liquid crystal cells, the method including arranging the surface of ionic amorphous material in contact with at least one first electrode geometrically structured; applying a temperature to the ionic amorphous material; applying a voltage at the terminals of the first electrode; generating a plasma between two portions of the first electrode from the presence of a gas and the application of a given voltage at the terminals of the first electrode, the application of the voltage at the terminals of the first electrode and the plasma generation being configured to modify the electrical properties of the ionic amorphous material to define a polarized area, and extracting the ionic amorphous material.

A glass glass-ceramic composite comprises a substrate comprising an alkali-containing glass bulk, the bulk comprising Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and SiO.sub.2 and alkali, and a glass-ceramic surface layer, the surface layer comprising an alkali-depleted glass ceramic comprising Al.sub.2O.sub.3 and SiO.sub.2 with at least 5% crystalline phase by volume, wherein the alkali-depleted glass ceramic surface layer comprises a mol % Al.sub.2O.sub.3 of at least 51%. A method of preparing the composite is also disclosed.

A method of forming a graphene device includes: providing a glass substrate with a blocking layer disposed thereon to form a stack; providing a first electrode and a second electrode; increasing the temperature of the stack to at least 100 C.; applying an external electric field (V.sub.P) to the first electrode such that at least one metal ion of the glass substrate migrates toward the first electrode to create a depletion region in the glass substrate adjacent the second electrode; decreasing the temperature of the stack to room temperature while applying the external electric field to the first electrode; and after reaching room temperature, setting the external electric field to zero to create a frozen voltage region adjacent the second electrode.

A glass substrate according to one or more embodiments is disclosed. The glass substrate includes an alkali-containing bulk, at least one first alkali-depleted region, and at least one second alkali-depleted region. The alkali-containing bulk has a first surface and a second surfaces with the first and second surfaces opposing one another. The at least one first alkali-depleted region extends into the alkali-containing bulk from the first surface. The at least one second alkali-depleted region extends into the alkali-containing bulk from the second surface. The first alkali-depleted region and the second alkali-depleted region are amorphous and have a substantially homogenous composition. The first alkali-depleted region in some embodiments is a first alkali-depleted surface layer that extends across the alkali-containing bulk. The first alkali-depleted region in some embodiments is plurality of first alkali-depleted regions that are spaced apart from one another.

Embodiments of a glass substrate including an alkali-containing bulk and an alkali-depleted surface layer, including a substantially homogenous composition with at least 51 mol % Al.sub.2O.sub.3 are disclosed. In some embodiments, the alkali-depleted surface layer includes about 0.5 atomic % alkali or less. The alkali-depleted surface layer can be substantially free of hydrogen and/or crystallites. Methods for forming a glass substrate with a modified surface layer are also provided.

An apparatus for continuous electro-thermal poling of glass or glass ceramic material, includes a lower support conveying and contacting electrode structure, an upper contacting electrode structure positioned above the lower support structure, and one or more DC bias voltage sources connected to one or both of the upper contacting structure and the lower support structure. A process for continuous electro-thermal poling of glass or glass ceramic sheets or substrates includes heating the sheet or substrate, feeding the sheet or substrate continuously or continually, while applying a DC voltage bias, and cooling the sheet or substrate to within 0-30 C. of ambient temperature.

A method of forming a graphene device includes: providing a glass substrate with a blocking layer disposed thereon to form a stack; providing a first electrode and a second electrode; increasing the temperature of the stack to at least 100 C.; applying an external electric field (V.sub.P) to the first electrode such that at least one metal ion of the glass substrate migrates toward the first electrode to create a depletion region in the glass substrate adjacent the second electrode; decreasing the temperature of the stack to room temperature while applying the external electric field to the first electrode; and after reaching room temperature, setting the external electric field to zero to create a frozen voltage region adjacent the second electrode.

Embodiments of a glass substrate including an alkali-containing bulk and an alkali-depleted surface layer, including a substantially homogenous composition with at least 51 mol % Al.sub.2O.sub.3 are disclosed. In some embodiments, the alkali-depleted surface layer includes about 0.5 atomic % alkali or less. The alkali-depleted surface layer can be substantially free of hydrogen and/or crystallites. Methods for forming a glass substrate with a modified surface layer are also provided.