Embodiments described herein provide for optical devices with methods of forming optical device substrates having at least one area of increased refractive index or scratch resistance. One method includes disposing an etch material on a discrete area of an optical device substrate or an optical device layer, disposing a diffusion material in the discrete area, and removing excess diffusion material to form an optical material in the optical device substrate or the optical device layer having a refractive index greater than or equal to 2.0 or a hardness greater than or equal to 5.5 Mohs.

In some embodiments, a method comprises leaching a surface of a glass or glass ceramic substrate to form a leached layer. The glass or glass ceramic substrate comprises a multi-component material. The material has a bulk composition, in mol % on an oxide basis: 51% to 90% SiO.sub.2; 10% to 49% total of minority components RO.sub.x. Leaching comprises selectively removing components RO.sub.x of the glass or glass ceramic substrate preferentially to removal of SiO.sub.2. In the leached layer, the RO.sub.x concentration is 50% or less than the RO.sub.x concentration of the bulk composition.

Laminated glass articles and methods for making the same are disclosed. In one embodiment, a laminated glass article may include a glass core layer and at least one glass cladding layer fused to the glass core layer. The at least one glass cladding layer may be phase separated into a first phase and at least one second phase having different compositions. The first phase of the at least one glass cladding layer may have an interconnected matrix. The at least one second phase of the at least one glass cladding layer may be dispersed throughout the interconnected matrix of the first phase of the at least one glass cladding layer. In some embodiments, the at least one second phase may be selectively removed from the interconnected matrix leaving a porous, interconnected matrix of the first phase.

A composition comprising (i) a matrix comprising a metal oxide, metal sulphide and/or metal selenide as the matrix material, the metal oxide, metal sulphide and/or metal selenide comprising at least two metals M1 and M2, and (ii) a metal M3 which is mobile in the matrix. The atomic ratio of M1 to M2 is within the range of 75:25 to 99.99:0.01; the valence states of M1, M2 and M3 are all positive; the valence state of M1 is larger than the valence state of M2; the valence state of M2 is equal to or larger than the valence state of M3; and the metals M1, M2 and M3 are different.

An object is to provide a structural body having high light transmissivity and a high degree of freedom in shape, a manufacturing method for the structural body, and a precursor composition used in the manufacturing method.

A structural body according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a plurality of nanoparticles, the plurality of nanoparticles being directly covalent-bonded to each other without interposing an additive component other than the plurality of nanoparticles.

A highly purified quartz powder having a low level of naturally occurring lithium modified for cladding a fiber optic cable, said modified quartz powder having an increased total amount of lithium in solid solution in said powder, said increased total amount being in the range of more than 0.50 ppm and less than 1.00 ppm and a method of modifying an highly purified quartz powder to make the same.

A method includes impregnating a region of a glass sheet with a filler material in a liquid state. The glass sheet includes a plurality of glass soot particles. The filler material is solidified subsequent to the impregnating step to form a glass/filler composite region of the glass sheet.

A method for producing an implant blank (100), in particular a dental implant blank from a starting body, said implant blank (100) comprising at least one first area, which is a surface area (102), and a second area, which is a core area (101), wherein the surface area (102) has at least one bioactive surface material (502) and extends from at least one first surface (103) in the direction of the core area (101), and the core area (101) has at least one carrier material that can be subjected to mechanical load. The starting body has a porosity for controlling a targeted distribution of the bioactive surface material (502) within the starting body and is loaded with a solution (500) of the bioactive surface material (502) in a first step, which is a loading step. In a second step, which is a distribution control step, the distribution of the bioactive surface material (502) within the starting body is controlled such that the solution (500) has a higher concentration within the surface area (102) than within the core area (101), the control being effected by regulating one or more environmental parameters in a closed environment (200), in particular by regulating the humidity and/or the pressure and/or the temperature.

A process for producing a ceramic body (100), in particular a dental ceramic blank, having selectively adjustable degrees of expression of one or more different physical properties, wherein the ceramic body (100) has a porosity to enable the control of a selective distribution of one or more chemical substances (101, 102) that are suitable for influencing the physical properties of the ceramic body (100), and in a first step, which is a loading step, the ceramic body is loaded with one or more solutions (104) of the one or more chemical substances (101, 102). In a second step, which is a distribution step, the distribution of the one or more chemical substances (101, 102) within the porous ceramic body (100) is controlled, wherein a progression and/or a spatial progression of the degree of expression of the one or more physical properties can be produced. The control is effected by adjusting one or more ambient parameters (106) in an environment (108), in particular by adjusting the air humidity and/or the pressure and/or the temperature.

The invention concerns a phosphate electrode with a base body (1) and a first coating (1a) provided at least in sections of the based body, wherein the base body comprises elemental cobalt and the first coating (1a) comprises a cobalt phosphate, wherein a second coating (1b) is applied at least in section onto the base body and/or the first coating, wherein the second coating binds protons and/or releases hydroxides. The invention further concerns a method for determination of the phosphate concentration with the phosphate electrode.