An object of the present invention is to provide a less tinted LAS system crystallized glass. In the present invention, a content of each of V and Cr in the LAS system crystallized glass is 0 to 3 ppm and a content of each of Sc, La, Ce, Pr, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Ac, Th, Pa, and U is 0 to 10 ppm.

Provided is a Li.sub.2O—Al.sub.2O.sub.3—SiO.sub.2-based crystallized glass that has a high permeability to light in an ultraviolet to infrared range and is less susceptible to breakage. A Li.sub.2O—Al.sub.2O.sub.3—SiO.sub.2-based crystallized glass contains, in terms of % by mass, 40 to 90% SiO.sub.2, 1 to 10% Li.sub.2O, 5 to 30% Al.sub.2O.sub.3, 0 to 20% SnO.sub.2, over 0 to 20% ZrO.sub.2, 0 to below 2% TiO.sub.2, 0 to 10% MgO, and 0 to 10% P.sub.2O.sub.5 and includes a β-spodumene solid solution precipitated as a main crystalline phase.

A glass composition includes a base glass portion comprising: 65-75 wt % SiO.sub.2; 5-15 wt % CaO; 0-5 wt % MgO; 0-5 wt % K.sub.2O; 10-14 wt % Na.sub.2O; and 1-5 wt % Al.sub.2O.sub.3; wherein the glass composition has a ratio of Na.sub.2O to Al.sub.2O.sub.3 is in the range of 9.5-12.5 wt %/wt %.

The disclosure discloses a manufacturing method of tempered vacuum glass, comprising the following steps: (1) manufacturing metalized layers, and performing tempering or thermal enhancement on the glass substrates; (2) placing a metal solder on the metalized layers; (3) superposing the glass substrates to form a tempered glass assembly; (4) heating the tempered glass assembly to 60-230° C.; (5) keeping the tempered glass assembly within the heating temperature range of step (4) in a vacuum chamber, and vacuumizing the vacuum chamber to a preset vacuum degree; and (6) hermetically sealing the metalized layers by adopting a metal brazing process. By adopting the manufacturing method of the disclosure, the stress when the two glass substrates are sealed can be greatly reduced, and the connection strength can be increased; moreover, when gas is exhausted within the temperature range, the exhaust efficiency is high, and the exhaust effect is better, vacuum glass with high vacuum degree can be obtained, and the service life of the vacuum glass is prolonged. The disclosure further discloses a tempered vacuum glass production line based on the above mentioned manufacturing method.

A method of producing flint glass using submerged combustion melting involves introducing a vitrifiable feed material into a glass melt contained within a submerged combustion melter. The vitrifiable feed material is formulated to provide the glass melt with a glass chemical composition suitable for producing flint glass articles. To that end, the glass melt comprises a total iron content expressed as Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 in an amount ranging from 0.04 wt % to 0.06 wt % and also has a redox ratio that ranges from 0.1 to 0.4, and the vitrifiable feed material further includes between 0.008 wt % and 0.016 wt % of selenium or between 0.1 wt % and 0.2 wt % of manganese oxide in order to achieve an appropriate content of selenium or manganese oxide in the glass melt.

A sub-assembly includes a glass substrate, a plurality of electronic devices, and a passivation layer. The glass substrate includes a first surface, a second surface opposite to the first surface, and a third surface extending between the first surface and the second surface. The glass substrate includes a plurality of laser damaged regions extending from the first surface to the second surface. The plurality of electronic devices are on the first surface of the glass substrate. The passivation layer is on the plurality of electronic devices and the third surface of the glass substrate. The passivation layer includes an opening to each laser damaged region of the plurality of laser damaged regions.

A glass has a maximum crystallization rate (KG.sub.max) of at most 0.20 μm/min in a temperature range of 700° C. to 1250° C. and a hydrolytic stability according to a hydrolytic class 1 HGA1 according to ISO 720:1985. In the case of a sample thickness of 2 mm of the glass, a ratio of a minimum transmittance in a wavelength range of 850 nm to 950 nm to a maximum transmittance in a wavelength range of 250 nm to 700 nm is in a range of 1.9:1 to 15:1.

A glass includes cations of the following components in the indicated amounts (molar proportion in cat.-%): 30-80 cat.-% silicon; 0-20 cat.-% boron; 0-2 cat.-% aluminum; 5-35 cat.-% sodium; 2-25 cat.-% potassium; 0-0.5 cat.-% nickel; 0-0.5 cat.-% chromium; and 0.03-0.5 cat.-% cobalt. A sum of the molar proportions of cations of sodium and potassium is in a range of from 15 to 50 cat.-%, a sum of the molar proportions of cations of nickel and chromium is in a range of from 0.1 to 0.5 cat.-%, and a ratio of the sum of the molar proportions of cations of sodium and potassium to the sum of the molar proportions of cations of nickel and chromium is in a range of from 70:1 to 200:1.

The invention discloses porous, bioactive glass and glass ceramic morsels or pellets to be used as tissue graft substitute materials and processes for obtaining the same wherein the bioactive glass and glass ceramic morsels or pellets are made up of natural agents like phosphate, calcium, sodium and other elements which are not alien to the human or animal body. The said preparation process encompasses various steps like quenching sintering, foaming, and sol-gel casting which render the glass morsels or pellets unique bioactivity and enhanced porosity which may facilitate tissue repair and augmentation during tissue graft replacement.

The present invention relates to a glass substrate including a pair of main surfaces and an end surface, and having a surface layer diffusion Sn atom concentration of 2.0×10.sup.18 atomic/cm.sup.3 or more and 1.4×10.sup.19 atomic/cm.sup.3 or less in at least one of the main surfaces, the surface layer diffusion Sn atom concentration being obtained by subtracting an Sn atom concentration of an inside of the glass substrate from an Sn atom concentration of a surface layer of the glass substrate, in which the Sn atom concentration of a surface layer of the glass substrate is defined as an Sn atom concentration at a depth of 0.1 to 0.3 μm from the main surface and the Sn atom concentration of an inside of the glass substrate is defined as an Sn atom concentration at a depth of 9.0 to 9.2 μm from the main surface.