A porous material includes aggregate particles and a binding material. In the aggregate particles, oxide films containing cristobalite are provided on surfaces of particle bodies that are silicon carbide particles or silicon nitride particles. The binding material binds the aggregate particles together in a state where pores are provided therein. The porous material contains at least one of copper, calcium, and nickel as an ancillary component.

A method for forming a flow channel in a MIO structure includes positioning a plurality of sacrificial spheres along a base substrate, heating a region of the plurality of sacrificial spheres above a melting point of the plurality of sacrificial spheres, thereby fusing the plurality of sacrificial spheres together and forming a solid channel, electrodepositing material between the plurality of sacrificial spheres and around the solid channel, removing the plurality of sacrificial spheres to form the MIO structure, and removing the solid channel to form the flow channel extending through the MIO structure.

A titania porous body is entirely formed of titania. The titania porous body includes a titania framework, first pores, and second pores. The titania framework forms a three-dimensional network structure. The first pores are opening portions of the three-dimensional structure. The second pores are disposed in a surface of the titania framework. Such a titania porous body is also referred to as a titania monolith.

A titania porous body is entirely formed of titania. The titania porous body includes a titania framework, first pores, and second pores. The titania framework forms a three-dimensional network structure. The first pores are opening portions of the three-dimensional structure. The second pores are disposed in a surface of the titania framework. Such a titania porous body is also referred to as a titania monolith.

A thermal formation sintering compound containing a binder, a sinterable powder material and a pore formation material, for formation into a predetermined shape in a thermal formation step, removal of the binder in a degreasing step, and sintering of the powder material in a sintering step is provided. The binder contains a low-temperature draining component which melts in the thermal formation step, begins draining at a temperature lower than a draining temperature of the pore formation material, and drains at a temperature lower than a temperature at which the pore formation material drains; and a high-temperature draining component which melts in the thermal formation step, begins draining after the pore formation material begins draining, and drains at a temperature higher than does the pore formation material.

A thermal formation sintering compound containing a binder, a sinterable powder material and a pore formation material, for formation into a predetermined shape in a thermal formation step, removal of the binder in a degreasing step, and sintering of the powder material in a sintering step is provided. The binder contains a low-temperature draining component which melts in the thermal formation step, begins draining at a temperature lower than a draining temperature of the pore formation material, and drains at a temperature lower than a temperature at which the pore formation material drains; and a high-temperature draining component which melts in the thermal formation step, begins draining after the pore formation material begins draining, and drains at a temperature higher than does the pore formation material.

A thermal formation sintering compound containing a binder, a sinterable powder material and a pore formation material, for formation into a predetermined shape in a thermal formation step, removal of the binder in a degreasing step, and sintering of the powder material in a sintering step is provided. The binder contains a low-temperature draining component which melts in the thermal formation step, begins draining at a temperature lower than a draining temperature of the pore formation material, and drains at a temperature lower than a temperature at which the pore formation material drains; and a high-temperature draining component which melts in the thermal formation step, begins draining after the pore formation material begins draining, and drains at a temperature higher than does the pore formation material.

A method of making a ceramic fiber tow and the system regarding the same may be included. The method may include commingling a plurality of ceramic fibers with a fugitive fiber to form a single ceramic fiber tow. The fugitive fiber may be positioned between at least two ceramic fibers included in the single ceramic fiber tow. The method may further include forming a porous ceramic preform including at least the single ceramic fiber tow. The method may further include removing the fugitive fiber from the ceramic fiber tow leaving a space between at least two ceramic fibers of the single ceramic fiber tow. The method may further include replacing the spaces between ceramic fibers included in the ceramic fiber tows with a ceramic matrix.

A method of making a ceramic fiber tow and the system regarding the same may be included. The method may include commingling a plurality of ceramic fibers with a fugitive fiber to form a single ceramic fiber tow. The fugitive fiber may be positioned between at least two ceramic fibers included in the single ceramic fiber tow. The method may further include forming a porous ceramic preform including at least the single ceramic fiber tow. The method may further include removing the fugitive fiber from the ceramic fiber tow leaving a space between at least two ceramic fibers of the single ceramic fiber tow. The method may further include replacing the spaces between ceramic fibers included in the ceramic fiber tows with a ceramic matrix.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of a printable composition that can be used to make printed products of a chosen material chemistry that have different levels of porosity within the printed product's structure Also disclosed herein are embodiments of a printed product that has multiple levels of porosity throughout its structure, which can include a macroscale level of porosity, a microscale level of porosity, a nanoscale level of porosity and any combination thereof. These printed products can be made using a 3-D printer and can be made from a single printable composition without the need to add different structural components during the production process. Also disclosed herein are embodiments of a method for making and using a printed product.