The present application discloses a variety of improvements that enhance at least one of the mechanical, chemical/energetic, ballistic, or adhesive properties, of a class of ECPs, regardless of whether said ECPs are in solid phase or gels, singly or in combinations thereof.

An energetic formulation includes graphene oxide functionalized with a molecule containing at least one epoxy group. The graphene oxide may include at least one functional group containing nitrogen between a graphene sheet and the at least one epoxy group. The epoxy group may be sourced from a hydrocarbon compound containing a plurality of epoxy groups. The functionalized graphene oxide may be coated onto ammonium perchlorate. The functionalized graphene oxide is used as a stand-alone energetic material in powder form, mixed as powder in a liquid fuel, or mixed as a powder in a solid fuel.

A liquid electrically initiated and controlled composition comprising an oxidizer, soluble fuel additive(s), and other optional additives to enhance the chemical or ballistic properties, or a combination thereof is disclosed. The liquid composition further comprises stabilizers to enhance thermal stability, sequestrants to minimize deleterious effects of transition metal contaminants, and combustion enhancers maximizing efficiency. Buffers and heavy metal sequestering or complexing agents may be used in combination to achieve the highest degree of thermal stability. Additional ionic co-oxidizers may be added to the liquid composition to stabilize the liquid oxidizer and further depress freezing point. The liquid phase of matter allows flow via pipes or tubes from tanks, reservoirs, or other containers, through metering valves, followed by ignition or combustion modulation when stimulated by electrodes, statically or dynamically.

A composite propellant composition is disclosed that includes an oxidizer and fuel, wherein the oxidizer includes a trimodal mix of ammonium perchlorate containing three particle sizes present in substantially equal amounts, and wherein the fuel includes aluminum powder. Also disclosed are propellant grains and rocket motor assemblies that include the composite propellant composition, along with methods of making and using the compositions, grains, and assemblies.