The present invention provides a palladium(II) complex of formula (1) or a palladium(II) complex of formula (2). ##STR00001##
R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9, R.sub.10, R.sub.11, R.sub.12, R.sub.18, R.sub.19, R.sub.20, R.sub.21, R.sub.22, R.sub.23 and R.sub.24, m, E and X are described in the specification. The invention also provides a process for the preparation of the complexes, and their use in carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling reactions.

The present invention provides a palladium(II) complex of formula (1) or a palladium(II) complex of formula (2). ##STR00001##
R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, R.sub.9, R.sub.10, R.sub.11, R.sub.12, R.sub.18, R.sub.19, R.sub.20, R.sub.21, R.sub.22, R.sub.23 and R.sub.24, m, E and X are described in the specification. The invention also provides a process for the preparation of the complexes, and their use in carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom coupling reactions.

The present invention relates to a method of carrying out an organic reaction in aqueous solution in the presence of a hydroxyalkyl(alkyl)cellulose or an alkylcellulose.

The present invention relates to a method of carrying out an organic reaction in aqueous solution in the presence of a hydroxyalkyl(alkyl)cellulose or an alkylcellulose.

The present invention is directed to reaction mixtures comprising a water-surfactant mixture and a co-solvent. This technology reduced the amount of organic solvents needed for performing chemical reactions. Furthermore, compared to reaction mixtures lacking the co-solvent, solvation of the reactants and products of the chemical reaction is greatly enhanced, leading to a significantly improved yield, purity, reproducibility and robustness.

Pd(II)-catalyzed g-G(sp3)-H arylation or heteroarylation of primary amines is realized by using 2-hydroxynicotinaldehyde as a catalytic transient directing group. Importantly, the catalyst and the directing group loading can be lowered to 2% and 4% respectively, thus demonstrating high efficiency of this newly designed transient directing group. Heterocyclic aryl iodides are also compatible with this reaction. Furthermore, swift synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyridine derivatives is accomplished using this reaction.

Pd(II)-catalyzed g-G(sp3)-H arylation or heteroarylation of primary amines is realized by using 2-hydroxynicotinaldehyde as a catalytic transient directing group. Importantly, the catalyst and the directing group loading can be lowered to 2% and 4% respectively, thus demonstrating high efficiency of this newly designed transient directing group. Heterocyclic aryl iodides are also compatible with this reaction. Furthermore, swift synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyridine derivatives is accomplished using this reaction.

The present disclosure provides methods for enantioselective synthesis of cyclic and acyclic -quaternary carboxylic acid derivatives via nickel-catalyzed allylic alkylation.

The present disclosure provides petrochemical processing methods and systems, including ethylene conversion processes and systems, for the production of higher hydrocarbon compositions, for example liquid hydrocarbon compounds, with reduced amount of unsaturated hydrocarbons.

The present disclosure provides petrochemical processing methods and systems, including ethylene conversion processes and systems, for the production of higher hydrocarbon compositions, for example liquid hydrocarbon compounds, with reduced amount of unsaturated hydrocarbons.