There is disclosed an electrochemical deblocking solution for use on an electrode microarray. There is further disclosed a method for electrochemical synthesis on an electrode array using the electrochemical deblocking solution. The solution and method are for removing acid-labile protecting groups for synthesis of oligonucleotides, peptides, small molecules, or polymers on a microarray of electrodes while substantially improving isolation of deblocking to active electrodes. The method comprises applying a voltage or a current to at least one electrode of an array of electrodes. The array of electrodes is covered by the electrochemical deblocking solution.

The invention relates to monocarbonyl complexes of ruthenium and osmium with bi- and tridentate nitrogen and phosphine ligands. The invention relates to methods for preparing these complexes and the use of these complexes, isolated or prepared in situ, as catalysts for reduction reactions of ketones and aldehydes both via transfer hydrogenation or hydrogenation with hydrogen.

The invention relates to monocarbonyl complexes of ruthenium and osmium with bi- and tridentate nitrogen and phosphine ligands. The invention relates to methods for preparing these complexes and the use of these complexes, isolated or prepared in situ, as catalysts for reduction reactions of ketones and aldehydes both via transfer hydrogenation or hydrogenation with hydrogen.

The present invention relates to novel manganese complexes and their use, inter alia, for homogeneous catalysis in (1) the preparation of imine by dehydrogenative coupling of an alcohol and amine; (2) C—C coupling in Michael addition reaction using nitriles as Michael donors; (3) dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols to give esters and hydrogen gas (4) hydrogenation of esters to form alcohols (including hydrogenation of cyclic esters (lactones) or cyclic di-esters (di-lactones), or polyesters); (5) hydrogenation of amides (including cyclic dipeptides, lactams, diamide, polypeptides and polyamides) to alcohols and amines (or diamine); (6) hydrogenation of organic carbonates (including polycarbonates) to alcohols or hydrogenation of carbamates (including polycarbamates) or urea derivatives to alcohols and amines; (7) dehydrogenation of secondary alcohols to ketones; (8) amidation of esters (i.e., synthesis of amides from esters and amines); (9) acylation of alcohols using esters; (10) coupling of alcohols with water and a base to form carboxylic acids; and (11) preparation of amino acids or their salts by coupling of amino alcohols with water and a hydrogenative coupling of alcohols and amines; (13) preparation of imides from diols. ##STR00001## ##STR00002##

Disclosed is a method for preparing a boric acid ester using non-catalyzed hydroboration of a carboxylic acid. The method includes: in an inert gas atmosphere, mixing pinacolborane and a carboxylic acid and stirring until uniform in a reaction flask subjected to dehydration and deoxygenation treatments, reacting for 6-12 hours to obtain the boric acid ester, then adding silica gel and methanol, and conducting a hydrolysis reaction to prepare an alcohol compound. The carboxylic acid is acetic acid, caproic acid, pentanoic acid, heptanoic acid, trimethylacetic acid, adipic acid, benzoic acid, 4-bromobenzoic acid, 4-fluorobenzoic acid, 1-naphthoic acid, 2-methoxybenzoic acid, 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid, 4-ethoxybenzoic acid, 2-bromobenzoic acid, 4-iodobenzoic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, diphenyl acetic acid, 2-phenylbutyric acid, indole-3-acetic acid, o-carboxyl phenylacetic acid or 2-methyl-5-bromobenzoic acid. The present invention utilizes a carboxylic acid to efficiently undergo hydroboration with borane without a catalyst for the first time.

A method for producing a bisphenol or the like by using a chemical recycling method that is moderate, has a small environmental load, and can efficiently degrade a polycarbonate resin is provided. In addition, a method for producing a recycled polycarbonate resin or the like by using a useful substance such as the bisphenol or the like is provided. A method for producing a bisphenol, including degrading a polycarbonate resin in the presence of an aromatic monoalcohol, water, and a catalyst. A method for producing carbon dioxide, including recovering carbon dioxide generated by the method for producing a bisphenol. A method for producing a carbonic acid diester by using the carbon dioxide. A method for producing a recycled polycarbonate resin by using the bisphenol and/or the carbonic acid diester. A method for producing an epoxy resin and a method for producing an epoxy resin cured product, by using the bisphenol

The invention relates to monocarbonyl complexes of ruthenium and osmium with bi- and tridentate nitrogen and phosphine ligands. The invention relates to methods for preparing these complexes and the use of these complexes, isolated or prepared in situ, as catalysts for reduction reactions of ketones and aldehydes both via transfer hydrogenation or hydrogenation with hydrogen.

The invention relates to monocarbonyl complexes of ruthenium and osmium with bi- and tridentate nitrogen and phosphine ligands. The invention relates to methods for preparing these complexes and the use of these complexes, isolated or prepared in situ, as catalysts for reduction reactions of ketones and aldehydes both via transfer hydrogenation or hydrogenation with hydrogen.

A process is incorporated herein for the synthesis of bio-1,2-alkanediols, comprising: providing a bio-alkene having a carbon chain of about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms and a bio-1-alkene regioselectivity of at least about 80%, at least about 92% and/or at least about 95%; and converting the bio-alkene to a bio-1,2-alkanediol having a carbon chain length of about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms. Methods for treating catalysts which may be incorporated in the process for the synthesis of bio-1,2-alkanediols are also included herein. Such bio-1,2-alkanediols are used in compositions and products alone as antimicrobial materials, or with existing bio-compounds and/or antimicrobials, preservatives, alternative preservation systems and/or hurdle technology components. The bio-1,2-alkanediols incorporate a natural and bio-based pathway for antimicrobial effects in various compositions such as cosmetic, pharmaceutical, industrial and household products.

The invention relates to monocarbonyl complexes of ruthenium and osmium with bi- and tridentate nitrogen and phosphine ligands. The invention relates to methods for preparing these complexes and the use of these complexes, isolated or prepared in situ, as catalysts for reduction reactions of ketones and aldehydes both via transfer hydrogenation or hydrogenation with hydrogen.