A pre-vapor formulation of an e-vaping device including a vapor former, nicotine, sugars or polysaccharide carbohydrates, an oxidant, and a base. A method of increasing stability of ingredients of a pre-vapor formulation includes mixing a vapor former, nicotine, sugars and/or polysaccharide carbohydrates, an oxidant and an added base, catalyzing a reaction between the sugars or polysaccharide carbohydrates, the oxidant and the base, and generating acids via a reaction therebetween, wherein a concentration of the nicotine in a vapor phase of the vapor is equal to or smaller than substantially 1% by weight.

A pre-vapor formulation of an e-vaping device including a vapor former, nicotine, sugars or polysaccharide carbohydrates, an oxidant, and a base. A method of increasing stability of ingredients of a pre-vapor formulation includes mixing a vapor former, nicotine, sugars and/or polysaccharide carbohydrates, an oxidant and an added base, catalyzing a reaction between the sugars or polysaccharide carbohydrates, the oxidant and the base, and generating acids via a reaction therebetween, wherein a concentration of the nicotine in a vapor phase of the vapor is equal to or smaller than substantially 1% by weight.

Disclosed is an oxidation process to produce a crude carboxylic acid product carboxylic acid product. The process comprises oxidizing a feed stream comprising at least one oxidizable compound to generate a crude carboxylic acid slurry comprising furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and compositions thereof. Also disclosed is a process to produce a dry purified carboxylic acid product by utilizing various purification methods on the crude carboxylic acid.

Disclosed is an oxidation process to produce a crude carboxylic acid product carboxylic acid product. The process comprises oxidizing a feed stream comprising at least one oxidizable compound to generate a crude carboxylic acid slurry comprising furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and compositions thereof. Also disclosed is a process to produce a dry purified carboxylic acid product by utilizing various purification methods on the crude carboxylic acid.

The invention concerns a method for converting a feedstock selected from sugars or sugar alcohols, alone or in a mixture, into mono- or polyoxygenated compounds, wherein the feedstock is contacted with at least one heterogeneous catalyst comprising a support selected from perovskites of formula ABO.sub.3, in which A is selected from the elements Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba and B is selected from the elements Fe, Mn, Ti and Zr, and the oxides of elements selected from lanthanum, neodymium, yttrium and cerium, alone or in a mixture, which oxides can be doped with at least one element selected from alkali metals, alkaline earths and rare earths, in a reducing atmosphere, at a temperature of 100 C. to 300 C. and at a pressure of 0.1 MPa to 50 MPa.

Methods for the production of 2,4-dihydroxybutyrate (2,4-DHB) from erythrose and other four-carbon sugars are disclosed. The improved methods facilitate the production of 2,4-DHB that is a precursor for biorenewable and animal nutrition chemicals among others.

Methods for the production of 2,4-dihydroxybutyrate (2,4-DHB) from erythrose and other four-carbon sugars are disclosed. The improved methods facilitate the production of 2,4-DHB that is a precursor for biorenewable and animal nutrition chemicals among others.

Provided is a method for preparing L-BPA, which includes steps of: reacting N-protected (S)-4-halophenylalanine of Formula I, a boronating agent, Grignard reagent and bis(2-methylaminoethyl)ether to obtain a reaction mixture, wherein the reaction mixture comprises N-protected (S)-4-boronophenylalanine of Formula II and the R.sup.2 group represents a protecting group;

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isolating the N-protected (S)-4-boronophenylalanine from the reaction mixture; and deprotecting the R.sup.2 group of the N-protected (S)-4-boronophenylalanine to obtain L-BPA, wherein the L-BPA has a structure of Formula III.

Provided is a method for preparing L-BPA, which includes steps of: reacting N-protected (S)-4-halophenylalanine of Formula I, a boronating agent, Grignard reagent and bis(2-methylaminoethyl)ether to obtain a reaction mixture, wherein the reaction mixture comprises N-protected (S)-4-boronophenylalanine of Formula II and the R.sup.2 group represents a protecting group;

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isolating the N-protected (S)-4-boronophenylalanine from the reaction mixture; and deprotecting the R.sup.2 group of the N-protected (S)-4-boronophenylalanine to obtain L-BPA, wherein the L-BPA has a structure of Formula III.

Disclosed are methods for synthesizing an ester or a carboxylic acid from an organic alcohol. To form the ester one reacts, in the presence of oxygen gas, the alcohol with methanol or ethanol. This reaction occurs in the presence of a catalyst comprising palladium and a co-catalyst comprising bismuth, tellurium, lead, cerium, titanium, zinc and/or niobium (most preferably at least bismuth and tellurium). Alternatively that catalyst can be used to generate an acid from that alcohol, when water is also added to the reaction mix.