The present invention relates to a method for purifying a compound represented by the formula (I), the method including treating a mixture containing the compound represented by the formula (I) and a compound represented by the formula (II) with an aqueous solution of a basic compound. ##STR00001##
where, in the formula (I), R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom or a chlorine atom; in the formula (II), R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are the same or different from each other and represent a hydrogen, a chlorine atom or a fluorine atom independently, at least one of R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 represent a chlorine atom or a fluorine atom, and, in the case where R.sup.3 represents a chlorine atom, R.sup.4 represents a chlorine atom or a fluorine atom.

The present invention relates to a method for purifying a compound represented by the formula (I), the method including treating a mixture containing the compound represented by the formula (I) and a compound represented by the formula (II) with an aqueous solution of a basic compound. ##STR00001##
where, in the formula (I), R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom or a chlorine atom; in the formula (II), R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are the same or different from each other and represent a hydrogen, a chlorine atom or a fluorine atom independently, at least one of R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 represent a chlorine atom or a fluorine atom, and, in the case where R.sup.3 represents a chlorine atom, R.sup.4 represents a chlorine atom or a fluorine atom.

Provided herein are palladium (Pd) catalysts with improved performance in biological environments. In particular, formulations, methods of preparations, and storage conditions are provided that provide improved performance of Pd catalysts under protein-rich conditions.

Provided herein are palladium (Pd) catalysts with improved performance in biological environments. In particular, formulations, methods of preparations, and storage conditions are provided that provide improved performance of Pd catalysts under protein-rich conditions.

The invention addresses the problem of providing a method for producing 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione that is suited to industrial production. The invention provides a method for producing 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione by reacting 3-bromo-3-buten-2-one and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone in the presence of a solvent, then obtaining crystals of 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione by adding an alcohol-based solvent and/or water to the reaction system, and treating the crystals by using a specific adsorbent in the presence of a solvent.

The invention addresses the problem of providing a method for producing 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione that is suited to industrial production. The invention provides a method for producing 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione by reacting 3-bromo-3-buten-2-one and 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone in the presence of a solvent, then obtaining crystals of 2-acetyl-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione by adding an alcohol-based solvent and/or water to the reaction system, and treating the crystals by using a specific adsorbent in the presence of a solvent.

Provided is an alkyldiphenylmethane protective agent, which can prevent solidification or insolubilization of a compound by protecting a functional group of the compound to achieve easy separation and purification after a reaction. An alkyldiphenylmethane compound represented by general formula (1): ##STR00001## wherein Y represents OR.sup.19 (wherein R.sup.19 represents a hydrogen atom or an active ester-type protecting group), NHR.sup.20 (wherein R.sup.20 represents a hydrogen atom, a C.sub.1-6 linear or branched alkyl group, or an aralkyl group), isocyanate group, an azide group, or a halogen atom, Z represents a C.sub.1-4 linear or branched alkyl group, an alkenyl group, or a cycloalkyl group, at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.10 represents a group represented by formula (2): ##STR00002## and the others each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a alkyl group, or a C.sub.1-4 alkoxy group; R.sup.11 represents a C.sub.1-16 linear or branched alkylene group; X represents O or CONR.sup.21 (wherein R.sup.21 represents a hydrogen atom or a C.sub.1-4 alkyl group); and A represents, for example, a group represented by formula (3): ##STR00003## wherein R.sup.12, R.sup.13, and R.sup.14 may be the same or different and each independently represent a C.sub.1-6 linear or branched alkyl group or an optionally substituted aryl group; R.sup.15 represents a single bond or a C.sub.1-3 linear or branched alkylene group; and R.sup.16, R.sup.17, and R.sup.18 each independently represent a C.sub.1-3 linear or branched alkylene group.

Provided is an alkyldiphenylmethane protective agent, which can prevent solidification or insolubilization of a compound by protecting a functional group of the compound to achieve easy separation and purification after a reaction. An alkyldiphenylmethane compound represented by general formula (1): ##STR00001## wherein Y represents OR.sup.19 (wherein R.sup.19 represents a hydrogen atom or an active ester-type protecting group), NHR.sup.20 (wherein R.sup.20 represents a hydrogen atom, a C.sub.1-6 linear or branched alkyl group, or an aralkyl group), isocyanate group, an azide group, or a halogen atom, Z represents a C.sub.1-4 linear or branched alkyl group, an alkenyl group, or a cycloalkyl group, at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.10 represents a group represented by formula (2): ##STR00002## and the others each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a alkyl group, or a C.sub.1-4 alkoxy group; R.sup.11 represents a C.sub.1-16 linear or branched alkylene group; X represents O or CONR.sup.21 (wherein R.sup.21 represents a hydrogen atom or a C.sub.1-4 alkyl group); and A represents, for example, a group represented by formula (3): ##STR00003## wherein R.sup.12, R.sup.13, and R.sup.14 may be the same or different and each independently represent a C.sub.1-6 linear or branched alkyl group or an optionally substituted aryl group; R.sup.15 represents a single bond or a C.sub.1-3 linear or branched alkylene group; and R.sup.16, R.sup.17, and R.sup.18 each independently represent a C.sub.1-3 linear or branched alkylene group.

The present invention provides a blank liposome with ginsenoside Rg3 or its anaglog as the membrane material, preparations and uses thereof. The disclosed blank liposome has a membrane comprising a lipid and a ginsenoside analog of Formula I, presenting remarkable advantages in film formation, encapsulation efficiency, targeted drug delivery, blood circulation time, stability, safety and homogeneity. It can also be used to load active substances of drugs and cosmetics, biological agents, polynucleotides or oligonucleotides, and the preparation process is convenient.

##STR00001##

The present invention relates to a method of carrying out an organic reaction in aqueous solution in the presence of a hydroxyalkyl(alkyl)cellulose or an alkylcellulose.