A method of determining sulfur content in an aqueous fluid containing spent hydrogen sulfide scavenger from a scrubber or contactor tower is described as is a method of optimizing the hydrogen sulfide scavenger treatment rate in a scrubber or contactor tower. The method includes the steps of providing a sample of an aqueous fluid from the scrubbing tower where the aqueous fluid contains spent hydrogen sulfide scavenger; and using x-ray fluorescence to determine the amount of total sulfur in the sample. The method may also use the total sulfur content in the sample to determine the spent hydrogen sulfide scavenger in the sample and/or determine scavenger uptake. The method may also include the step of adjusting the amount of scavenger introduced into the aqueous fluid in the tower in response to the scavenger uptake, to optimize the scavenger treatment in the scrubber or contactor tower.

A method of determining sulfur content in an aqueous fluid containing spent hydrogen sulfide scavenger from a scrubber or contactor tower is described as is a method of optimizing the hydrogen sulfide scavenger treatment rate in a scrubber or contactor tower. The method includes the steps of providing a sample of an aqueous fluid from the scrubbing tower where the aqueous fluid contains spent hydrogen sulfide scavenger; and using x-ray fluorescence to determine the amount of total sulfur in the sample. The method may also use the total sulfur content in the sample to determine the spent hydrogen sulfide scavenger in the sample and/or determine scavenger uptake. The method may also include the step of adjusting the amount of scavenger introduced into the aqueous fluid in the tower in response to the scavenger uptake, to optimize the scavenger treatment in the scrubber or contactor tower.

Processes and apparatus for analyzing fluid properties of a stream are described. The processes utilize a simulated moving bed system and a rotary valve. The processes involve sending a portion of the pump-around stream to a side chamber where the moisture content of the adsorbent in the side chamber or one or more fluid properties of the stream or both are measured using an analyzer specific to each fluid property.

Processes and apparatus for analyzing fluid properties of a stream are described. The processes utilize a simulated moving bed system and a rotary valve. The processes involve sending a portion of the pump-around stream to a side chamber where the moisture content of the adsorbent in the side chamber or one or more fluid properties of the stream or both are measured using an analyzer specific to each fluid property.

Ancillary embodiments and modifications to a homogenizer unit (“PPH”), and methods of use directed to purification of biogas or other raw methane streams. The apparatus includes a homogenizer body, one or more stream inlets (for the raw methane), one or more chilled water inlets, a mixing zone where the water stream is commingled with the raw methane stream, and a venturi immediately downstream from the mixing zone such that the commingled streams are pulled into the venturi resulting in homogenization. The PPH components are insulated to maintain the chilled water of the various streams at a cooled, below ambient temperature, increasing dissolution of the contaminant gases into the chilled water, and producing a purified methane stream including little or no H.sub.2S and CO.sub.2.

Ancillary embodiments and modifications to a homogenizer unit (“PPH”), and methods of use directed to purification of biogas or other raw methane streams. The apparatus includes a homogenizer body, one or more stream inlets (for the raw methane), one or more chilled water inlets, a mixing zone where the water stream is commingled with the raw methane stream, and a venturi immediately downstream from the mixing zone such that the commingled streams are pulled into the venturi resulting in homogenization. The PPH components are insulated to maintain the chilled water of the various streams at a cooled, below ambient temperature, increasing dissolution of the contaminant gases into the chilled water, and producing a purified methane stream including little or no H.sub.2S and CO.sub.2.

A diamondoid fuel comprising a cage structure including 10, 14, 18, or 22 carbons. The diamondoid fuel also includes one of one to four cyclopropyl groups bonded to the cage structure or two to four functional groups bonded to the cage structure where the functional groups are an alkyl group, an allyl group, a cyclopropyl group, or combinations thereof. Additionally, at least one functional group is an allyl group and at least one functional group is a cyclopropyl group.

A diamondoid fuel comprising a cage structure including 10, 14, 18, or 22 carbons. The diamondoid fuel also includes one of one to four cyclopropyl groups bonded to the cage structure or two to four functional groups bonded to the cage structure where the functional groups are an alkyl group, an allyl group, a cyclopropyl group, or combinations thereof. Additionally, at least one functional group is an allyl group and at least one functional group is a cyclopropyl group.

Methods and systems for treating an olefin-containing stream are disclosed. The disclosed methods and systems are particularly suitable for treating an off-gas stream in a refining or petrochemical process, such as from a fluid catalytic cracker (FCC), coker, steam cracker, and the like. The stream is treated in an absorber column to reject lighter stream components and to absorb ethylene and/or propylene into a solvent. The solvent is typically isobutane. The enriched solvent stream from the absorber column is fed to an alkylation reactor, which reacts the dissolved olefin with the isobutane solvent to produce an alkylate product.

Methods and systems for treating an olefin-containing stream are disclosed. The disclosed methods and systems are particularly suitable for treating an off-gas stream in a refining or petrochemical process, such as from a fluid catalytic cracker (FCC), coker, steam cracker, and the like. The stream is treated in an absorber column to reject lighter stream components and to absorb ethylene and/or propylene into a solvent. The solvent is typically isobutane. The enriched solvent stream from the absorber column is fed to an alkylation reactor, which reacts the dissolved olefin with the isobutane solvent to produce an alkylate product.