The inventive concepts disclosed and/or claimed herein relate generally to catalysts and, more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a heterogeneous, metal-free hydrogenation catalyst containing frustrated Lewis pairs. In one non-limiting embodiment, the heterogeneous, metal-free catalyst comprises hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) having frustrated Lewis pairs therein.

Traction fluids comprising Formula I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII or a mixture thereof in combination with a base stock, a viscosity modifier, an anti-foaming agent, and an additive package.

Traction fluids comprising Formula I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII or a mixture thereof in combination with a base stock, a viscosity modifier, an anti-foaming agent, and an additive package.

The present invention relates to a process for preparing a haloalkyl alkoxymethyl ether compound of the following general formula (1), wherein X.sup.1 represents a halogen atom, R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom, an n-alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms, or a phenyl group, and n represents an integer of 2 to 7, the process comprising the steps of converting a haloalkyl alkoxymethyl ether compound of the following general formula (1) into a nucleophilic reagent, (2n+2)-alkoxymethoxyalkyl compound, of the following general formula (2), wherein M.sup.1 represents Li, MgZ.sup.1, CuZ.sup.1, or CuLiZ.sup.1, Z.sup.1 represents a halogen atom or Z.sup.2, subsequently subjecting the nucleophilic reagent, (2n+2)-alkoxymethoxyalkyl compound (2), to a nucleophilic addition reaction with propylene oxide of the following formula (3), to obtain a hydroxyalkyl alkoxymethyl ether compound of the following general formula (4), and subjecting the hydroxyalkyl alkoxymethyl ether compound (4) to a halogenation reaction to obtain the aforesaid haloalkyl alkoxymethyl ether compound (1).

##STR00001##

The present invention relates to a process for preparing a haloalkyl alkoxymethyl ether compound of the following general formula (1), wherein X.sup.1 represents a halogen atom, R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom, an n-alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms, or a phenyl group, and n represents an integer of 2 to 7, the process comprising the steps of converting a haloalkyl alkoxymethyl ether compound of the following general formula (1) into a nucleophilic reagent, (2n+2)-alkoxymethoxyalkyl compound, of the following general formula (2), wherein M.sup.1 represents Li, MgZ.sup.1, CuZ.sup.1, or CuLiZ.sup.1, Z.sup.1 represents a halogen atom or Z.sup.2, subsequently subjecting the nucleophilic reagent, (2n+2)-alkoxymethoxyalkyl compound (2), to a nucleophilic addition reaction with propylene oxide of the following formula (3), to obtain a hydroxyalkyl alkoxymethyl ether compound of the following general formula (4), and subjecting the hydroxyalkyl alkoxymethyl ether compound (4) to a halogenation reaction to obtain the aforesaid haloalkyl alkoxymethyl ether compound (1).

##STR00001##

The present invention relates to a process for preparing a haloalkyl alkoxymethyl ether compound (1B), wherein X.sup.1 represents a halogen atom, and R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom, an n-alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms, or a phenyl group, the process comprising the steps of converting a haloalkyl alkoxymethyl ether compound of the following general formula (1A), wherein X.sup.1 and R.sup.1 are as defined above, into a nucleophilic reagent, 4-alkoxymethoxy-1-methylbutyl, of the following general formula (2A), wherein M.sup.1A represents Li, MgZ.sup.1A, CuZ.sup.1A, or CuLiZ.sup.1A, Z.sup.1A represents a halogen atom or a 4-alkoxymethoxy-1-methylbutyl group, and R.sup.1 is as defined above, and subsequently subjecting the nucleophilic reagent, 4-alkoxymethoxy-1-methylbutyl (2A), to a nucleophilic addition reaction with propylene oxide of the following formula (3) to obtain 6-hydroxy-4-methylheptyl alkoxymethyl ether compound of the following general formula (4), wherein R.sup.1 is as defined above, and subjecting the 6-hydroxy-4-methylheptyl alkoxymethyl ether compound (4) to a halogenation reaction to form the aforesaid haloalkyl alkoxymethyl ether compound (1B).

##STR00001##

The present invention relates to a process for preparing a haloalkyl alkoxymethyl ether compound (1B), wherein X.sup.1 represents a halogen atom, and R.sup.1 represents a hydrogen atom, an n-alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms, or a phenyl group, the process comprising the steps of converting a haloalkyl alkoxymethyl ether compound of the following general formula (1A), wherein X.sup.1 and R.sup.1 are as defined above, into a nucleophilic reagent, 4-alkoxymethoxy-1-methylbutyl, of the following general formula (2A), wherein M.sup.1A represents Li, MgZ.sup.1A, CuZ.sup.1A, or CuLiZ.sup.1A, Z.sup.1A represents a halogen atom or a 4-alkoxymethoxy-1-methylbutyl group, and R.sup.1 is as defined above, and subsequently subjecting the nucleophilic reagent, 4-alkoxymethoxy-1-methylbutyl (2A), to a nucleophilic addition reaction with propylene oxide of the following formula (3) to obtain 6-hydroxy-4-methylheptyl alkoxymethyl ether compound of the following general formula (4), wherein R.sup.1 is as defined above, and subjecting the 6-hydroxy-4-methylheptyl alkoxymethyl ether compound (4) to a halogenation reaction to form the aforesaid haloalkyl alkoxymethyl ether compound (1B).

##STR00001##

In one preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a process for the liquid phase polymerization of isobutylene to manufacture highly reactive PIB oligomers having Mn under 1000, using a catalyst composition comprising a Friedel-Crafts catalyst a complexing agent, a chain transfer agent and a polymerization-retarding agent. A chain transfer agent may be selected from: -DIB and -DIB and mixtures thereof. ##STR00001## A polymerization-retarding agent may be selected from: ##STR00002##

In one preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a process for the liquid phase polymerization of isobutylene to manufacture highly reactive PIB oligomers having Mn under 1000, using a catalyst composition comprising a Friedel-Crafts catalyst a complexing agent, a chain transfer agent and a polymerization-retarding agent. A chain transfer agent may be selected from: -DIB and -DIB and mixtures thereof. ##STR00001## A polymerization-retarding agent may be selected from: ##STR00002##

A method is provided to transform biomass. Non-food biomass is preprocessed. Then, fermentation is processed to generate ethanol. Ethanol is dehydrated through a catalyst to generate ethylene. After the dehydration, oligomerization is processed with a catalyst to transform ethylene into olefins having 620 carbon atoms (C.sub.6C.sub.20). The olefins are hydrotreated into alkanes. Thus, C.sub.6C.sub.20 hydrocarbons having long carbon chains are formed. The hydrocarbons having 610 carbon atoms can be used as gasoline; those having 816 carbon atoms, jet fuel; and those having 1620 carbon atoms, diesel. On generating ethanol, byproducts of lignin may be generated. The byproducts can be processed through depolymerization/deoxygenation to generate aromatic hydrocarbons or can be gasified to generate methanol or dimethyl ether. By further processing dehydration, aromatic hydrocarbons are generated to be mixed into gasoline, jet fuel or diesel. Or, the lignin byproducts are gasified to generate syngas.