Paraffin compositions including mainly even carbon number paraffins, and a method for manufacturing the same, is disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the method involves contacting naturally occurring fatty acid/glycerides with hydrogen in a slurry bubble column reactor containing bimetallic catalysts with equivalent particle diameters from about 10 to about 400 micron. The even carbon number compositions are particularly useful as phase change material.

This invention relates to processes for making bio-based renewable oils from non-food biomass sources. Such renewable oils are used for cosmetics formulations. More specifically, disclosed are processes of preparation of furan-based compounds of the formula: (R.sub.1-A).sub.a—CH(R.sub.2)—CH.sub.2—CH(R.sub.3)(A-R1).sub.b wherein: a and b are independently 1 or 2 and 0 or 1; A is: independently an unsaturated, a partially hydrogenated, or a fully hydrogenated saturated fur an ring; —(CH.sub.2).sub.4—; a saturated fur an ring-opened moiety containing a hydroxyl or a ketonic group: —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—OH or —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH═O; or a partially saturated furan-ring opened moiety containing a hydroxyl or a ketonic group: —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH═CH—OH or —CH.sub.2—CH═CH—CH═O where the position of the double bond is anywhere within the chain; R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 are: independently selected from H, a furan ring, a tetrahydrofuran ring and alkyl groups having carbon atoms of 1 to 18; and the total carbon content of the compound is from 10 to 40.

This invention relates to processes for making bio-based renewable oils from non-food biomass sources. Such renewable oils are used for cosmetics formulations. More specifically, disclosed are processes of preparation of furan-based compounds of the formula: (R.sub.1-A).sub.a—CH(R.sub.2)—CH.sub.2—CH(R.sub.3)(A-R1).sub.b wherein: a and b are independently 1 or 2 and 0 or 1; A is: independently an unsaturated, a partially hydrogenated, or a fully hydrogenated saturated fur an ring; —(CH.sub.2).sub.4—; a saturated fur an ring-opened moiety containing a hydroxyl or a ketonic group: —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—OH or —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH═O; or a partially saturated furan-ring opened moiety containing a hydroxyl or a ketonic group: —CH.sub.2—CH.sub.2—CH═CH—OH or —CH.sub.2—CH═CH—CH═O where the position of the double bond is anywhere within the chain; R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 are: independently selected from H, a furan ring, a tetrahydrofuran ring and alkyl groups having carbon atoms of 1 to 18; and the total carbon content of the compound is from 10 to 40.

A Brønsted-Lowry acid initiator system for cationic polymerization of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer involves an initiator having a structure of Formula (I) in an anhydrous polymerization medium:

##STR00001## where: M is tantalum (Ta), vanadium (V) or niobium (Ni); R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are the same or different and are independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, alkyl or aryl, or two or more of R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 on a same benzene ring are taken together to form a bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic moiety with the benzene ring, with the proviso that all of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 on the same benzene ring are not H; L is absent or a molecule that coordinates to H.sup.+; and, x is 0 when L is absent, or x is 0.5 or more when L is present.

A Brønsted-Lowry acid initiator system for cationic polymerization of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer involves an initiator having a structure of Formula (I) in an anhydrous polymerization medium:

##STR00001## where: M is tantalum (Ta), vanadium (V) or niobium (Ni); R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are the same or different and are independently H, F, Cl, Br, I, alkyl or aryl, or two or more of R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 on a same benzene ring are taken together to form a bicyclic, tricyclic or tetracyclic moiety with the benzene ring, with the proviso that all of R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 on the same benzene ring are not H; L is absent or a molecule that coordinates to H.sup.+; and, x is 0 when L is absent, or x is 0.5 or more when L is present.

In an embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a solvent including a hydrocarbon oligomer with at least 20 carbon atoms, where the hydrocarbon oligomer has at least one of a low viscosity, a low vapor pressure, and a high flashpoint. In another embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a solution including a poly(α-olefin) and a reactive organometallic reagent. In a further embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a solution including an oligomeric hydrocarbon and a reactive organometallic reagent. In an additional embodiment, the present disclosure pertains to a method for creating a solution, where the method includes adding a reactive organometallic reagent to an oligomeric hydrocarbon.

The present disclosure generally relates to processes to produce alpha-olefin oligomers and poly alpha-olefins. In an embodiment, the present disclosure provides a process to produce a poly alpha-olefin (PAO), the process including: introducing a C.sub.6-C.sub.32 alpha-olefin and a catalyst system comprising activator and a metallocene compound into a continuous stirred tank reactor or a continuous tubular reactor under reaction conditions, wherein the alpha-olefin is introduced to the reactor at a flow rate of about 100 g/hr or more; and obtaining a product comprising PAO dimer and optional higher oligomers of alpha-olefin, or a combination thereof, the PAO dimer comprising 96 mol % or more of vinylidene, based on total moles of vinylidene, disubstituted vinylene, and trisubstituted vinylene in the product. In at least one embodiment, a process includes functionalizing and/or hydrogenating a PAO product of the present disclosure. In at least one embodiment, a blend includes a PAO product of the present disclosure.

The present disclosure generally relates to processes to produce alpha-olefin oligomers and poly alpha-olefins. In an embodiment, the present disclosure provides a process to produce a poly alpha-olefin (PAO), the process including: introducing a C.sub.6-C.sub.32 alpha-olefin and a catalyst system comprising activator and a metallocene compound into a continuous stirred tank reactor or a continuous tubular reactor under reaction conditions, wherein the alpha-olefin is introduced to the reactor at a flow rate of about 100 g/hr or more; and obtaining a product comprising PAO dimer and optional higher oligomers of alpha-olefin, or a combination thereof, the PAO dimer comprising 96 mol % or more of vinylidene, based on total moles of vinylidene, disubstituted vinylene, and trisubstituted vinylene in the product. In at least one embodiment, a process includes functionalizing and/or hydrogenating a PAO product of the present disclosure. In at least one embodiment, a blend includes a PAO product of the present disclosure.

A long-life catalyst which can be easily and inexpensively manufactured and has high activity and suppressed leakage of metal. A catalyst according to some embodiments includes: a substrate; and a first metal atom as a catalytic center. The substrate contains a non-metallic atom and a second metal atom, and the non-metallic atom is any one selected from the group consisting of a group 15 element, a group 16 element and a group 17 element.

A long-life catalyst which can be easily and inexpensively manufactured and has high activity and suppressed leakage of metal. A catalyst according to some embodiments includes: a substrate; and a first metal atom as a catalytic center. The substrate contains a non-metallic atom and a second metal atom, and the non-metallic atom is any one selected from the group consisting of a group 15 element, a group 16 element and a group 17 element.