The invention relates to a process for producing a compound comprising an .sup.18F-difluoromethyl group or a compound comprising an .sup.18F-difluoromethylene group, which process comprises contacting a compound comprising a nucleophilic group with .sup.18F-difluorocarbene. The invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I). Compounds comprising an .sup.18F-difluoromethyl group or an .sup.18F-difluoromethylene group are also the subject of the present invention.

The invention relates to a process for producing a compound comprising an .sup.18F-difluoromethyl group or a compound comprising an .sup.18F-difluoromethylene group, which process comprises contacting a compound comprising a nucleophilic group with .sup.18F-difluorocarbene. The invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I). Compounds comprising an .sup.18F-difluoromethyl group or an .sup.18F-difluoromethylene group are also the subject of the present invention.

The cross-coupling reaction of 2-bromo-1-phenyl indenes with phenyl acetylenes or propargyl alcohol is disclosed. The cross-coupling reaction uses a palladium catalyst with triphenylphosphine in the absence of a copper co-catalyst. The reaction is carried out with pyrrolidine as the base in water at 120 C.

The cross-coupling reaction of 2-bromo-1-phenyl indenes with phenyl acetylenes or propargyl alcohol is disclosed. The cross-coupling reaction uses a palladium catalyst with triphenylphosphine in the absence of a copper co-catalyst. The reaction is carried out with pyrrolidine as the base in water at 120 C.

The cross-coupling reaction of 2-bromo-1-phenyl indenes with phenyl acetylenes or propargyl alcohol is disclosed. The cross-coupling reaction uses a palladium catalyst with triphenylphosphine in the absence of a copper co-catalyst. The reaction is carried out with pyrrolidine as the base in water at 120 C.

A liquid crystal display includes a first base substrate, a second base substrate, an electrode part, and a liquid crystal layer. The second base substrate is disposed opposite to the first base substrate. The electrode party is disposed on at least one of the first base substrate and the second base substrate. The liquid crystal layer is disposed between the first base substrate and the second base substrate. The liquid crystal layer includes a liquid crystal composition. The liquid crystal composition includes at least one kind of liquid crystal compounds including a cyclopentadienyl group.

A liquid crystal display includes a first base substrate, a second base substrate, an electrode part, and a liquid crystal layer. The second base substrate is disposed opposite to the first base substrate. The electrode party is disposed on at least one of the first base substrate and the second base substrate. The liquid crystal layer is disposed between the first base substrate and the second base substrate. The liquid crystal layer includes a liquid crystal composition. The liquid crystal composition includes at least one kind of liquid crystal compounds including a cyclopentadienyl group.

The present invention relates to novel materials which can be used in organic electronic devices, in particular electroluminescent devices, and are certain derivatives of fused aromatic systems.

The present invention relates to novel materials which can be used in organic electronic devices, in particular electroluminescent devices, and are certain derivatives of fused aromatic systems.

A liquid crystal compound represented by

##STR00001##

R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, alkyl or the like; ring A.sup.1 and ring A.sup.3 are independently 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-phenylene or the like; and A.sup.2 is a divalent group represented by formula (A-1) or formula (A-2)

##STR00002##

Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2, Z.sup.3, Z.sup.4 and Z.sup.5 are independently a single bond, COO or the like; and a to d is 0, 1 or the like.