Embodiments in accordance with the present invention encompass compositions comprising a soluble photoacid generator, a organopalladium compound, a photosensitizer and one or more olefinic monomers which undergo vinyl addition polymerization when said composition is exposed to a suitable actinic radiation to form a substantially transparent film. The monomers employed therein have a range of optical and mechanical properties, and thus these compositions can be tailored to form films having various opto-electronic properties. Accordingly, compositions of this invention are useful in various applications, including as coatings, encapsulants, fillers, leveling agents, among others.

Disclosed is a fluorination method comprising providing an aryl fluorosulfonate and a fluorinating reagent to a reaction mixture; and reacting the aryl fluorosulfonate and the fluorinating reagent to provide a fluorinated aryl species. Also disclosed is a fluorination method comprising providing, a salt comprising a cation and an aryloxylate, and SO.sub.2F.sub.2 to a reaction mixture; reacting the SO.sub.2F.sub.2 and the ammonium salt to provide a fluorinated aryl species. Further disclosed a fluorination method comprising providing a compound having the structure Ar—OH to a reaction mixture; where Ar is an aryl or heteroaryl; providing SO.sub.2F.sub.2 to the reaction mixture; providing a fluorinating reagent to the reaction mixture; reacting the SO.sub.2F.sub.2, the fluorinating reagent and the compound having the structure Ar—OH to provide a fluorinated aryl species having the structure Ar—F.

Disclosed is a fluorination method comprising providing an aryl fluorosulfonate and a fluorinating reagent to a reaction mixture; and reacting the aryl fluorosulfonate and the fluorinating reagent to provide a fluorinated aryl species. Also disclosed is a fluorination method comprising providing, a salt comprising a cation and an aryloxylate, and SO.sub.2F.sub.2 to a reaction mixture; reacting the SO.sub.2F.sub.2 and the ammonium salt to provide a fluorinated aryl species. Further disclosed a fluorination method comprising providing a compound having the structure Ar—OH to a reaction mixture; where Ar is an aryl or heteroaryl; providing SO.sub.2F.sub.2 to the reaction mixture; providing a fluorinating reagent to the reaction mixture; reacting the SO.sub.2F.sub.2, the fluorinating reagent and the compound having the structure Ar—OH to provide a fluorinated aryl species having the structure Ar—F.

An actinic ray-sensitive or radiation-sensitive resin composition includes a compound represented by General Formula (I) and an acid-decomposable resin.

M.sub.1.sup.+A.sup.−-L-B.sup.−M.sub.2.sup.+  (I)

An actinic ray-sensitive or radiation-sensitive resin composition includes a compound represented by General Formula (I) and an acid-decomposable resin.

M.sub.1.sup.+A.sup.−-L-B.sup.−M.sub.2.sup.+  (I)

According to the present invention, there is provided a method of producing a salt, including reacting M.sup.+X.sup.− with YH to generate XH and M.sup.+Y.sup.− and subsequently removing the generated XH to obtain the M.sup.+Y.sup.−.

In the method of producing a salt, M.sup.+X.sup.− is a salt of a cation represented by M.sup.+ and an anion represented by X.sup.−, M.sup.+Y.sup.− is a salt of the cation represented by M.sup.+ and an anion represented by Y.sup.−, XH is a conjugate acid of X.sup.−, YH is a conjugate acid of Y.sup.−, M.sup.+Y.sup.− is a compound that generates an acid upon irradiation with an active ray or a radioactive ray, a pKa of XH is larger than a pKa of YH, and a ClogP value of XH is larger than 2.

The present invention relates to an organic compound that can enhance the light efficiency of light extracted to the outside of an organic light-emitting element due to having a low refractive index, and thus can be effectively utilized as a material for a light efficiency improving layer provided in the organic light-emitting element. The compound according to the present invention can be employed in the light efficiency improving layer to achieve a high-efficiency, long-lifespan organic light-emitting element having improved light-emitting efficiency, color purity, and lifespan characteristics, as well as low-voltage driving characteristics, and thus can be effectively used in various lighting and display elements.

The present invention relates to an organic compound that can enhance the light efficiency of light extracted to the outside of an organic light-emitting element due to having a low refractive index, and thus can be effectively utilized as a material for a light efficiency improving layer provided in the organic light-emitting element. The compound according to the present invention can be employed in the light efficiency improving layer to achieve a high-efficiency, long-lifespan organic light-emitting element having improved light-emitting efficiency, color purity, and lifespan characteristics, as well as low-voltage driving characteristics, and thus can be effectively used in various lighting and display elements.

Provided are a method for producing an anion exchange resin which is capable of producing an electrolyte membrane with excellent mechanical property (strength).

A monomer for forming a hydrophobic group is reacted with a monomer for forming a hydrophilic group in the presence of bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) as a catalyst, 2,2′-bipyridine as a co-ligand, a bromide or an iodide as a co-catalyst, and a reducing agent to produce an anion exchange resin where the hydrophobic group is connected to the hydrophilic group via direct bond, in which a mole number of bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) is 0.3 to 1.8 times a total mole number of the monomer for forming a hydrophobic group and the monomer for forming a hydrophilic group.

A compound having large refractive index anisotropy (Δn), the effect of increasing the phase transition temperature of a liquid crystal phase, and high solubility, and showing large dielectric anisotropy (Δε) in a high frequency region, a composition containing the compound, a liquid crystal composition, and a device using the liquid crystal composition. The compound has large refractive index anisotropy Δn, sufficiently high T.sub.n-i, and high compatibility with a liquid crystal composition, and shows large dielectric anisotropy in a high frequency region, and is thus useful for a material of an element of a device such as a high-frequency phase shifter, a phased array antenna, an image recognition device, a distance measuring device, a liquid crystal display device, a liquid crystal lens, a birefringent lens for stereoscopic image display, or the like.