Processes for making isobutanol are described. The processes involve a first reaction between methanol and ethanol in the presence of a first catalyst to produce an alcohol mixture containing propanol, isobutanol and n-butanol, and a second reaction between the produced propanol and synthesis gas in the presence of a second catalyst to produce isobutanol. The methanol and ethanol produced in the second reaction are recycled and used in the first reaction, and the unreacted propanol is recycled and used in the second reaction.

Processes for making isobutanol are described. The processes involve a first reaction between methanol and ethanol in the presence of a first catalyst to produce an alcohol mixture containing propanol, isobutanol and n-butanol, and a second reaction between the produced propanol and synthesis gas in the presence of a second catalyst to produce isobutanol. The methanol and ethanol produced in the second reaction are recycled and used in the first reaction, and the unreacted propanol is recycled and used in the second reaction.

The present disclosure describes terpenophenolic compounds and their use in medicine. The present disclosure further describes perrottetinene-like compounds, the manufacture thereof, formulations containing same and their use in medicine. Such compounds include (1′R,2′R)-5′-methyl-phenethyl-2′-(prop-1-ene-2-yl)-1′,2′,3′,4′-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2,6-diol (CBD-PET) or (1′R,2′R)-4-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)-5′-methyl-2′-(prop-1-ene-2-yl)-1′,2′,3′,4′-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2,6-diol (CBD-PET-OH).

The present disclosure describes terpenophenolic compounds and their use in medicine. The present disclosure further describes perrottetinene-like compounds, the manufacture thereof, formulations containing same and their use in medicine. Such compounds include (1′R,2′R)-5′-methyl-phenethyl-2′-(prop-1-ene-2-yl)-1′,2′,3′,4′-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2,6-diol (CBD-PET) or (1′R,2′R)-4-(4-hydroxyphenethyl)-5′-methyl-2′-(prop-1-ene-2-yl)-1′,2′,3′,4′-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2,6-diol (CBD-PET-OH).

Processes for converting ethanol and syngas (CO and H2) to isobutanol are disclosed. Syngas and ethanol are reacted Sin the first reaction zone in the presence of a first heterogeneous catalyst to produce a first reactor effluent comprising a first mixture of alcohols. The first reactor effluent is reacted a second reaction zone in the presence of a second heterogeneous catalyst to produce a second reactor effluent comprising a second mixture of alcohols. The second reactor effluent is separated into an overhead gas stream and a liquid bottom stream. The liquid bottom stream is separated into at least a C1-2 stream, a C3 stream, and a C4+ stream. The isobutanol is recovered from the C4+ stream.

Processes for converting ethanol and syngas (CO and H2) to isobutanol are disclosed. Syngas and ethanol are reacted Sin the first reaction zone in the presence of a first heterogeneous catalyst to produce a first reactor effluent comprising a first mixture of alcohols. The first reactor effluent is reacted a second reaction zone in the presence of a second heterogeneous catalyst to produce a second reactor effluent comprising a second mixture of alcohols. The second reactor effluent is separated into an overhead gas stream and a liquid bottom stream. The liquid bottom stream is separated into at least a C1-2 stream, a C3 stream, and a C4+ stream. The isobutanol is recovered from the C4+ stream.

Processes for converting ethanol and syngas (CO and H2) to isobutanol are disclosed. Syngas and ethanol are reacted Sin the first reaction zone in the presence of a first heterogeneous catalyst to produce a first reactor effluent comprising a first mixture of alcohols. The first reactor effluent is reacted a second reaction zone in the presence of a second heterogeneous catalyst to produce a second reactor effluent comprising a second mixture of alcohols. The second reactor effluent is separated into an overhead gas stream and a liquid bottom stream. The liquid bottom stream is separated into at least a C1-2 stream, a C3 stream, and a C4+ stream. The isobutanol is recovered from the C4+ stream.

The present invention concerns new stable compositions of 1-Z-bromoalk-1-ene compounds of general formula (A). These compositions are characterized in that they also comprise either at least one cyclic ether compound comprising between 4 and 6 carbon atoms, or at least one ether of general formula (B) in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are identical or different and selected from the group consisting of: a linear or branched alkyl group containing 1 to 8 carbon atoms.

The present invention concerns new stable compositions of 1-Z-bromoalk-1-ene compounds of general formula (A). These compositions are characterized in that they also comprise either at least one cyclic ether compound comprising between 4 and 6 carbon atoms, or at least one ether of general formula (B) in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are identical or different and selected from the group consisting of: a linear or branched alkyl group containing 1 to 8 carbon atoms.

Methods for preparation of olefins, including 8- and 11-unsaturated monoenes and polyenes, via transition metathesis-based synthetic routes are described. Metathesis reactions in the methods are catalyzed by transition metal catalysts including tungsten-, molybdenum-, and ruthenium-based catalysts. The olefins include insect pheromones useful in a number of agricultural applications.