The present invention relates to free radical reaction methods in which low molecular weight, C2 to C6, unsaturated organic compounds such as ethylene and/or propylene are reacted with low molecular weight, C1 to C15, preferably C1 to C10 saturated organic compounds to form low molecular weight, linear or branched C3 to C24, preferably C3 to C 12 organic compounds. The present invention is based at least in part upon the concept of carrying out the free radical reaction in the presence of a typically low concentrations of the unsaturated reactant(s) in the reaction zone(s). By doing this, chain transfer mechanisms are more favored while chain extension mechanisms are less favored. In some embodiments, principles of the present invention are helpful to create conditions under which chain transfer to form more stable, secondary or tertiary branched radicals is favored over olefin addition via chain extension.

The present invention relates to free radical reaction methods in which low molecular weight, C2 to C6, unsaturated organic compounds such as ethylene and/or propylene are reacted with low molecular weight, C1 to C15, preferably C1 to C10 saturated organic compounds to form low molecular weight, linear or branched C3 to C24, preferably C3 to C 12 organic compounds. The present invention is based at least in part upon the concept of carrying out the free radical reaction in the presence of a typically low concentrations of the unsaturated reactant(s) in the reaction zone(s). By doing this, chain transfer mechanisms are more favored while chain extension mechanisms are less favored. In some embodiments, principles of the present invention are helpful to create conditions under which chain transfer to form more stable, secondary or tertiary branched radicals is favored over olefin addition via chain extension.

The present invention relates to free radical reaction methods in which low molecular weight, C2 to C6, unsaturated organic compounds such as ethylene and/or propylene are reacted with low molecular weight, C1 to C15, preferably C1 to C10 saturated organic compounds to form low molecular weight, linear or branched C3 to C24, preferably C3 to C 12 organic compounds. The present invention is based at least in part upon the concept of carrying out the free radical reaction in the presence of a typically low concentrations of the unsaturated reactant(s) in the reaction zone(s). By doing this, chain transfer mechanisms are more favored while chain extension mechanisms are less favored. In some embodiments, principles of the present invention are helpful to create conditions under which chain transfer to form more stable, secondary or tertiary branched radicals is favored over olefin addition via chain extension.

Compositions and methods of use related to metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and/or nanoparticles are generally described. In some embodiments, methods and compositions for the catalytic upgrading of alcohols using MOFs and/or nanoparticles associated with MOFs are generally described. In some embodiments, a catalytic MOF composition is provided, wherein the MOF composition comprises a MOF compound and a plurality of metal catalytic compounds. In some embodiments, an alcohol may be exposed to the MOF composition and/or a plurality of nanoparticles associated with the MOF composition such that the alcohol is converted to a higher order alcohol. Advantageously, in some embodiments, the alcohol conversion occurs at a relatively high turnover frequency and/or with a relatively high selectivity as compared to traditional methods for converting alcohols.

Compositions and methods of use related to metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and/or nanoparticles are generally described. In some embodiments, methods and compositions for the catalytic upgrading of alcohols using MOFs and/or nanoparticles associated with MOFs are generally described. In some embodiments, a catalytic MOF composition is provided, wherein the MOF composition comprises a MOF compound and a plurality of metal catalytic compounds. In some embodiments, an alcohol may be exposed to the MOF composition and/or a plurality of nanoparticles associated with the MOF composition such that the alcohol is converted to a higher order alcohol. Advantageously, in some embodiments, the alcohol conversion occurs at a relatively high turnover frequency and/or with a relatively high selectivity as compared to traditional methods for converting alcohols.

Provided herein are compounds useful for the preparation of compounds that have retinoid-like biological activity. Also provided herein are processes for the preparation of compounds that have retinoid-like biological activity.

Provided herein are compounds useful for the preparation of compounds that have retinoid-like biological activity. Also provided herein are processes for the preparation of compounds that have retinoid-like biological activity.

The invention discloses a method for preparation of alkylated, fluoro alkylated, chloro alkylated and fluorochloro alkylated compounds by a heterogeneous Co-catalysed alkylation or fluoro, chloro and fluorochloro alkylation with alkyl halides, fluoro alkyl halides, chloro alkyl halides or fluorochloro alkyl halides respectively.

The invention discloses a method for preparation of alkylated, fluoro alkylated, chloro alkylated and fluorochloro alkylated compounds by a heterogeneous Co-catalysed alkylation or fluoro, chloro and fluorochloro alkylation with alkyl halides, fluoro alkyl halides, chloro alkyl halides or fluorochloro alkyl halides respectively.

The present invention relates to an unsaturated fluorinated ether or amine compound of formula (I) with low global warming potential and method of making the compound (I), where R.sub.H.sup.1 is and R.sub.H.sup.2 are independently selected from H or CH.sub.3, wherein when R.sub.H.sup.1 is CH.sub.3 then R.sub.H.sup.2 is H and when R.sub.H.sup.2 is CH.sub.3, then R.sub.H.sup.1 is H; X is O or N and when X is O, then n is 1 and R.sub.f is a linear or branched perfluorinated alkyl group comprising 1-10 carbon atoms and optionally comprising at least one catenated O or N atom; X is N, then n is 2 and (i) each R.sub.f is independently selected from a linear or branched perfluorinated alkyl group comprising 1-8 carbon atoms and optionally comprising at least one catenated O or N atom, or (ii) the two R.sub.f's are bonded together to form a ring structure optionally comprising at least one catenated O or N atom, wherein the ring of the ring structure consists of 5-7 atoms, no more than 10 carbon atoms, and is perfluorinated. The applications of the compound include solvent cleaning, electrolyte solvents or additives, heat transfer, and vapour phase soldering.