An ophthalmic aqueous composition comprises levofloxacin, a salt thereof, or a solvate thereof; dexamethasone, an ester thereof, or a salt thereof; and one or at least two isotonic agents. The ophthalmic aqueous composition is substantially free of sodium chloride. This ophthalmic aqueous composition is excellent in drug stability and drug migration and has a clear appearance.

Use of diverse biomass feedstock in a process for the recovery of target C5 and C6 alditols and target glycols via staged hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis processes is disclosed. Particular alditols of interest include, but are not limited to, xylitol and sorbitol. Various embodiments of the present invention synergistically improve overall recovery of target alditols and/or glycols from a mixed C5/C6 sugar stream without needlessly driving total recovery of the individual target alditols and/or glycols. The result is a highly efficient, low complexity process having enhanced production flexibility, reduced waste and greater overall yield than conventional processes directed to alditol or glycol production.

Use of diverse biomass feedstock in a process for the recovery of target C5 and C6 alditols and target glycols via staged hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis processes is disclosed. Particular alditols of interest include, but are not limited to, xylitol and sorbitol. Various embodiments of the present invention synergistically improve overall recovery of target alditols and/or glycols from a mixed C5/C6 sugar stream without needlessly driving total recovery of the individual target alditols and/or glycols. The result is a highly efficient, low complexity process having enhanced production flexibility, reduced waste and greater overall yield than conventional processes directed to alditol or glycol production.

Methods for chemically converting sugars or sugar alcohols into polyols/glycols, wherein the sugars or sugar alcohols are converted by means of hydrogenolysis in the presence of a catalyst comprising at least one metal and on a carbon support, wherein a nitrogen-doped carbon support is used as a catalyst support. The disclosure provides methods for chemically converting sugars or sugar alcohols into glycols which permits the preparation of glycols with higher selectivity and reduces the formation of lactic acid as a by-product.

In a method and a system for decolorizing and deodorizing a polyhydric alcohol according to embodiments of the present invention, a mixture liquid containing a first polyhydric alcohol obtained by a separation process is prepared. The mixture liquid is subjected to a distillation treatment to preliminarily remove substances with different colors and odors to generate a pre-treatment liquid. The pre-treatment liquid is subjected to an adsorption treatment. Through a combination of the distillation treatment and the adsorption treatment, the removing efficiency of the substances with different colors and odors can be increased.

Provided is a process for recovery of a functionalized compound reaction product comprising contacting (i) an oxidizing electrophile comprising a main group element, and (ii) a compound comprising at least one CH bond, in an acidic medium to form a reaction milieu comprising a functionalized compound reaction product, contacting the reaction milieu with a water-immiscible organic solvent, separating the water-immiscible organic solvent from the reaction milieu, wherein the functionalized compound reaction product is dissolved in the water-immiscible organic solvent, and separating the functionalized compound reaction product and the water-immiscible organic solvent. The water-immiscible extraction solvent can be the same compound as the compound comprising as least one CH bond, for example, propane or n-butane.

Provided is a process for recovery of a functionalized compound reaction product comprising contacting (i) an oxidizing electrophile comprising a main group element, and (ii) a compound comprising at least one CH bond, in an acidic medium to form a reaction milieu comprising a functionalized compound reaction product, contacting the reaction milieu with a water-immiscible organic solvent, separating the water-immiscible organic solvent from the reaction milieu, wherein the functionalized compound reaction product is dissolved in the water-immiscible organic solvent, and separating the functionalized compound reaction product and the water-immiscible organic solvent. The water-immiscible extraction solvent can be the same compound as the compound comprising as least one CH bond, for example, propane or n-butane.

The present disclosure provides a method for biological object degradation. The method may include: providing a first biological object; providing a catalyst that forms a mixture with the first biological object and includes a copper element; and obtaining a first liquid phase and a first solid phase by heating the mixture in an atmosphere including hydrogen. The first liquid phase may include a sugar. The present disclosure also provides a system and a catalyst for biological object degradation.

The present disclosure provides a method for biological object degradation. The method may include: providing a first biological object; providing a catalyst that forms a mixture with the first biological object and includes a copper element; and obtaining a first liquid phase and a first solid phase by heating the mixture in an atmosphere including hydrogen. The first liquid phase may include a sugar. The present disclosure also provides a system and a catalyst for biological object degradation.

Methods for the production of 2,4-dihydroxybutyrate (2,4-DHB) from erythrose and other four-carbon sugars are disclosed. The improved methods facilitate the production of 2,4-DHB that is a precursor for biorenewable and animal nutrition chemicals among others.