The first aspect of the present invention is intended to provide a method for producing an oxidation reaction product of the hydrocarbon or a derivative thereof efficiently using hydrocarbon or a derivative thereof as a raw material. In order to achieve the above object, the first aspect of the present invention provides a method for producing an oxidation reaction product of a hydrocarbon or a derivative thereof. The method includes the step of irradiating a reaction system with light in the presence of a raw material and a chlorine dioxide radical. The raw material is hydrocarbon or a derivative thereof, the reaction system is a reaction system containing an organic phase, and the organic phase contains the raw material and the chlorine dioxide radical. In the step of irradiating a reaction system with light, the raw material is oxidized by the light irradiation to generate an oxidation reaction product of the raw material.

A novel method for production of hydroxamic acid derivative using a compound represented by the formula [12] as an intermediate, and intermediate therefor.

##STR00001## wherein R.sup.1 represents a methyl group or the like; R.sup.2 represents a methyl group or the like; and R.sup.5 represents a hydrogen atom or the like.

A novel method for production of hydroxamic acid derivative using a compound represented by the formula [12] as an intermediate, and intermediate therefor.

##STR00001## wherein R.sup.1 represents a methyl group or the like; R.sup.2 represents a methyl group or the like; and R.sup.5 represents a hydrogen atom or the like.

The present invention relates to novel cycloalkyl-hydroxyl compounds, compositions comprising hydroxyl compounds, and methods useful for treating and preventing a variety of diseases and conditions such as, but not limited to aging, Alzheimer's Disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, a disorder of glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, dyslipoproteinemia, hypertension, impotence, inflammation, insulin resistance, lipid elimination in bile, obesity, oxysterol elimination in bile, pancreatitis, Parkinson's disease, a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-associated disorder, phospholipid elimination in bile, renal disease, septicemia, Syndrome X, thrombotic disorder. Compounds and methods of the invention can also be used to modulate C reactive protein or enhance bile production in a patient. In certain embodiments, the compounds, compositions, and methods of the invention are useful in combination therapy with other therapeutics, such as hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic agents.

The present invention relates to novel cycloalkyl-hydroxyl compounds, compositions comprising hydroxyl compounds, and methods useful for treating and preventing a variety of diseases and conditions such as, but not limited to aging, Alzheimer's Disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, a disorder of glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, dyslipoproteinemia, hypertension, impotence, inflammation, insulin resistance, lipid elimination in bile, obesity, oxysterol elimination in bile, pancreatitis, Parkinson's disease, a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-associated disorder, phospholipid elimination in bile, renal disease, septicemia, Syndrome X, thrombotic disorder. Compounds and methods of the invention can also be used to modulate C reactive protein or enhance bile production in a patient. In certain embodiments, the compounds, compositions, and methods of the invention are useful in combination therapy with other therapeutics, such as hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic agents.

Novel compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, and methods for their pharmaceutical use are disclosed. In certain embodiments, the compounds are agonists and/or ligands of cannabinoid receptors and may be useful, inter alia, for treating and/or preventing pain, gastrointestinal disorders, genitourinary disorders, inflammation, glaucoma, auto-immune diseases, ischemic conditions, immune-related disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases, for providing cardioprotection against ischemic and reperfusion effects, for inducing apoptosis in malignant cells, and as an appetite stimulant.

Novel compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds, and methods for their pharmaceutical use are disclosed. In certain embodiments, the compounds are agonists and/or ligands of cannabinoid receptors and may be useful, inter alia, for treating and/or preventing pain, gastrointestinal disorders, genitourinary disorders, inflammation, glaucoma, auto-immune diseases, ischemic conditions, immune-related disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases, for providing cardioprotection against ischemic and reperfusion effects, for inducing apoptosis in malignant cells, and as an appetite stimulant.

The present invention relates to kinetic resolution of racemic -hydroxyl ester via asymmetric catalytic hydrogenation and an application thereof. In the presence of chiral spiro pyridyl phosphine ligand Iridium catalyst and base, racemic -hydroxyl esters were subjected to asymmetric catalytic hydrogenation to obtain extent optical purity chiral -hydroxyl esters and corresponding 1,5-diols. An optically active chiral -hydroxyl ester and 1,5-diols can be obtained at very high enantioselectivity and yield with relatively low usage of catalyst. The chiral -hydroxyl ester and 1,5-diols obtained by using the method can be used as a critical raw material for asymmetric synthesis of chiral drugs (R)-lisofylline and natural drugs (+)-civet, ()-indolizidine 167B and ()-coniine.

The present invention is intended to provide a radical generating catalyst that can generate (produce) radicals under mild conditions. In order to achieve the above object, the first radical generating catalyst of the present invention includes: at least one selected from the group consisting of amino acids, peptides, phospholipids, and salts thereof. The second or third radical generating catalyst of the present invention includes an ammonium salt represented by the following chemical formula (XI) (excluding peroxodisulfate) and having a Lewis acidity of 0.4 eV or more.

##STR00001##

The present invention is intended to provide a radical generating catalyst that can generate (produce) radicals under mild conditions. In order to achieve the above object, the first radical generating catalyst of the present invention includes: at least one selected from the group consisting of amino acids, peptides, phospholipids, and salts thereof. The second or third radical generating catalyst of the present invention includes an ammonium salt represented by the following chemical formula (XI) (excluding peroxodisulfate) and having a Lewis acidity of 0.4 eV or more.

##STR00001##