The present invention relates to methods of making fused ring compounds, such as indeno-fused naphthols, and fused ring indenopyran compounds, such as indeno-fused naphthopyrans, that each employ an unsaturated compound represented by the following Formula II.

##STR00001##

Referring to the unsaturated compound of Formula II: Ring-A can be selected from optionally substituted aryl (e.g., phenyl); m can be, for example, from 0 to 4; R.sup.1 for each m can be selected from optionally substituted hydrocarbyl (e.g., C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl) optionally interrupted with at least one linking group (e.g., O); and R.sup.3 and R.sup.16 can each be independently selected from, for example, hydrogen or optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, such as C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl. When Ring-A is a phenyl group, the unsaturated compound represented by Formula II can be referred to as an unsaturated indanone acid/ester compound, or an indenone acid/ester compound (depending on whether R.sup.16 is hydrogen, or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group).

The present invention relates to methods of making fused ring compounds, such as indeno-fused naphthols, and fused ring indenopyran compounds, such as indeno-fused naphthopyrans, that each employ an unsaturated compound represented by the following Formula II. ##STR00001## Referring to the unsaturated compound of Formula II: Ring-A can be selected from optionally substituted aryl (e.g., phenyl); m can be, for example, from 0 to 4; R.sup.1 for each m can be selected from optionally substituted hydrocarbyl (e.g., C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl) optionally interrupted with at least one linking group (e.g., O); and R.sup.3 and R.sup.16 can each be independently selected from, for example, hydrogen or optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, such as C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl. When Ring-A is a phenyl group, the unsaturated compound represented by Formula II can be referred to as an unsaturated indanone acid/ester compound, or an indenone acid/ester compound (depending on whether R.sup.16 is hydrogen, or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group).

The present invention relates to methods of making fused ring compounds, such as indeno-fused naphthols, and fused ring indenopyran compounds, such as indeno-fused naphthopyrans, that each employ an unsaturated compound represented by the following Formula II. ##STR00001## Referring to the unsaturated compound of Formula II: Ring-A can be selected from optionally substituted aryl (e.g., phenyl); m can be, for example, from 0 to 4; R.sup.1 for each m can be selected from optionally substituted hydrocarbyl (e.g., C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl) optionally interrupted with at least one linking group (e.g., O); and R.sup.3 and R.sup.16 can each be independently selected from, for example, hydrogen or optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, such as C.sub.1-C.sub.8 alkyl. When Ring-A is a phenyl group, the unsaturated compound represented by Formula II can be referred to as an unsaturated indanone acid/ester compound, or an indenone acid/ester compound (depending on whether R.sup.16 is hydrogen, or an optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group).

The present disclosure relates to preparation of liquid salt including but not limiting to ionic liquid and applications thereof. More particularly, the present disclosure provides a process for preparing ionic liquid which comprises reacting at least one electron-pair acceptor and at least one electron-pair donor to form an adduct, and reacting the adduct with at least one electron-pair acceptor to prepare said salt. The present disclosure also provides for applications of the ionic liquid prepared in the present disclosure.

The present disclosure relates to preparation of liquid salt including but not limiting to ionic liquid and applications thereof. More particularly, the present disclosure provides a process for preparing ionic liquid which comprises reacting at least one electron-pair acceptor and at least one electron-pair donor to form an adduct, and reacting the adduct with at least one electron-pair acceptor to prepare said salt. The present disclosure also provides for applications of the ionic liquid prepared in the present disclosure.

The present invention provides a synthesis system that can synthesize aniline and/or styrene efficiently, a synthesis system that can synthesize butadiene (1,3-butadiene) efficiently, a rubber chemical for a tire which is synthesized from the aniline obtained by the synthesis system, a synthetic rubber for a tire which is synthesized from the styrene and/or butadiene obtained by the synthesis systems, and a pneumatic tire produced using the rubber chemical for a tire and/or the synthetic rubber for a tire. The present invention relates to a synthesis system for synthesizing aniline and/or styrene from an alcohol having two or more carbon atoms via an aromatic compound.

The present invention provides a synthesis system that can synthesize aniline and/or styrene efficiently, a synthesis system that can synthesize butadiene (1,3-butadiene) efficiently, a rubber chemical for a tire which is synthesized from the aniline obtained by the synthesis system, a synthetic rubber for a tire which is synthesized from the styrene and/or butadiene obtained by the synthesis systems, and a pneumatic tire produced using the rubber chemical for a tire and/or the synthetic rubber for a tire. The present invention relates to a synthesis system for synthesizing aniline and/or styrene from an alcohol having two or more carbon atoms via an aromatic compound.

Disclosed herein are improved methods for the synthesis of honokiol, as well as methods for the synthesis of 3,3-di-tert-butyl-5,5-dimethyl-[1,1-biphenyl]-2,4-diol, 3,5-dimethyl-[1,1-biphenyl]-2,4-diol, and 2,4-dimethoxy-3,5-dimethyl-1,1-biphenyl, 3,3,5,5-tetra-tert-butyl-[1,1-biphenyl]-2,4-diol, and certain tetrasubstituted bisphenols, and uses therefor.

Disclosed herein are improved methods for the synthesis of honokiol, as well as methods for the synthesis of 3,3-di-tert-butyl-5,5-dimethyl-[1,1-biphenyl]-2,4-diol, 3,5-dimethyl-[1,1-biphenyl]-2,4-diol, and 2,4-dimethoxy-3,5-dimethyl-1,1-biphenyl, 3,3,5,5-tetra-tert-butyl-[1,1-biphenyl]-2,4-diol, and certain tetrasubstituted bisphenols, and uses therefor.

A compound represented by a formula (A),

##STR00001##

W is

##STR00002##

and T is H,

##STR00003##

and R.sup.1-R.sup.8 are defined as defined above.