A pulse jet system and method is disclosed. In an example, the pulse jet system includes a combustion chamber, intake ports to deliver combustion agents to the combustion chamber, an expansion chamber to cool a combustion product following combustion of the combustion agents in the combustion chamber, and an exhaust to exit the cooled gas from the expansion chamber. In another example, the pulse jet system includes a combustion chamber with intake ports to deliver combustion agents to the combustion chamber, wherein the combustion chamber is part of a four cycle engine. The pulse jet system also includes an expansion chamber to cool a combustion product following combustion of the combustion agents in the combustion chamber.

A pulse jet system and method is disclosed. In an example, the pulse jet system includes a combustion chamber, intake ports to deliver combustion agents to the combustion chamber, an expansion chamber to cool a combustion product following combustion of the combustion agents in the combustion chamber, and an exhaust to exit the cooled gas from the expansion chamber. In another example, the pulse jet system includes a combustion chamber with intake ports to deliver combustion agents to the combustion chamber, wherein the combustion chamber is part of a four cycle engine. The pulse jet system also includes an expansion chamber to cool a combustion product following combustion of the combustion agents in the combustion chamber.

There is provided a method for producing an optionally substituted olefin, comprising the steps of: dehydrogenating an optionally substituted alcohol in a first reaction zone comprising a first catalyst supported on a porous silica-based particle to form an optionally substituted carbonyl at a first set of reaction conditions; converting the optionally substituted alcohol and the optionally substituted carbonyl from the first reaction zone in a second reaction zone at a second set of reaction conditions that is different to the first set of reaction conditions and is selected to form the optionally substituted olefin, wherein the second reaction zone comprises a second catalyst supported on a porous silica-based particle. There is also provided a system for producing the optionally substituted olefin.

There is provided a method for producing an optionally substituted olefin, comprising the steps of: dehydrogenating an optionally substituted alcohol in a first reaction zone comprising a first catalyst supported on a porous silica-based particle to form an optionally substituted carbonyl at a first set of reaction conditions; converting the optionally substituted alcohol and the optionally substituted carbonyl from the first reaction zone in a second reaction zone at a second set of reaction conditions that is different to the first set of reaction conditions and is selected to form the optionally substituted olefin, wherein the second reaction zone comprises a second catalyst supported on a porous silica-based particle. There is also provided a system for producing the optionally substituted olefin.

In the method of the present invention, 1,3-butadiene is produced by vaporizing an ethanol feedstock in a vaporizer (104), feeding the resulting into two or more parallel first reactors (108) to convert the ethanol to acetaldehyde in the presence of a first catalyst, supplying the resulting intermediate gas to a second reactor (110) to convert the ethanol and acetaldehyde to 1,3-butadiene in the presence of a second catalyst, purifying the resulting crude gas containing 1,3-butadiene by a gas-liquid separator (112), a first distillation column (114), a fourth reactor (116), a second distillation column (118), and mixing one of both of a part of the ethanol-containing gas and an acetaldehyde-containing gas obtained in the second distillation column (118) are mixed with the intermediate gas, thereby adjusting an ethanol/acetaldehyde molar ratio in the intermediate gas to 1 to 100.

In the method of the present invention, 1,3-butadiene is produced by vaporizing an ethanol feedstock in a vaporizer (104), feeding the resulting into two or more parallel first reactors (108) to convert the ethanol to acetaldehyde in the presence of a first catalyst, supplying the resulting intermediate gas to a second reactor (110) to convert the ethanol and acetaldehyde to 1,3-butadiene in the presence of a second catalyst, purifying the resulting crude gas containing 1,3-butadiene by a gas-liquid separator (112), a first distillation column (114), a fourth reactor (116), a second distillation column (118), and mixing one of both of a part of the ethanol-containing gas and an acetaldehyde-containing gas obtained in the second distillation column (118) are mixed with the intermediate gas, thereby adjusting an ethanol/acetaldehyde molar ratio in the intermediate gas to 1 to 100.

The present invention relates to a process for producing butadiene from ethanol, in two reaction steps, comprising a step a) of converting ethanol into acetaldehyde and a step b) of conversion into butadiene, said step b) simultaneously implementing a reaction step and a regeneration step in (n+n/2) fixed-bed reactors, n being equal to 4 or a multiple thereof, comprising a catalyst, said regeneration step comprising four successive regeneration phases, said step b) also implementing three regeneration loops.

The present invention relates to a process for producing butadiene from ethanol, in two reaction steps, comprising a step a) of converting ethanol into acetaldehyde and a step b) of conversion into butadiene, said step b) simultaneously implementing a reaction step and a regeneration step in (n+n/2) fixed-bed reactors, n being equal to 4 or a multiple thereof, comprising a catalyst, said regeneration step comprising four successive regeneration phases, said step b) also implementing three regeneration loops.

The present invention relates to a preparation process for a Cu-based catalyst and use of the Cu-based catalyst as the dehydrogenation catalyst in producing a hydroxyketone compound such as acetoin. Said Cu-based catalyst shows a high the acetoin selectivity as the dehydrogenation catalyst for producing acetoin.

The present invention relates to a preparation process for a Cu-based catalyst and use of the Cu-based catalyst as the dehydrogenation catalyst in producing a hydroxyketone compound such as acetoin. Said Cu-based catalyst shows a high the acetoin selectivity as the dehydrogenation catalyst for producing acetoin.