An object of the present invention is to enable the synthesis of various fluorine-containing compounds having an organic group at both terminals of their tetrafluoroethylene structure (—CF.sub.2—CF.sub.2—). The present invention provides a fluorine-containing complex compound including a fluorine-containing organic metal compound represented by formula (1a):
R.sup.1—CF.sub.2—CF.sub.2-M.sup.1  (1a)
wherein M.sup.1 is a metal selected from the group consisting of copper, zinc, nickel, iron, cobalt, and tin; and R.sup.1 represents an organic group, and at least one ligand selected from the group consisting of pyridine ring-containing compounds and phosphines.

A process is described that uses a silver catalyst to convert methanol into formaldehyde in the presence of less than a stoichiometric amount of oxygen. The resulting formaldehyde is reacted without isolation with propionaldehyde over a commercially available anatase titania catalyst that is shown to be catalytically active towards the formation of methacrolein from formaldehyde and propionaldehyde with conversions and selectivities close to 90%. This titania catalyst is readily available, non-toxic, and can be used with formaldehyde and a variety of other aldehyde compounds to make α,β-unsaturated aldehyde compounds. This process benefits from low raw material costs and is economically advantaged due to the elimination of catalyst separation. This process shows promising stability and selectivity during lifetime studies, particularly when performed in the presence of a hydrogen carrier gas.

A process is described that uses a silver catalyst to convert methanol into formaldehyde in the presence of less than a stoichiometric amount of oxygen. The resulting formaldehyde is reacted without isolation with propionaldehyde over a commercially available anatase titania catalyst that is shown to be catalytically active towards the formation of methacrolein from formaldehyde and propionaldehyde with conversions and selectivities close to 90%. This titania catalyst is readily available, non-toxic, and can be used with formaldehyde and a variety of other aldehyde compounds to make α,β-unsaturated aldehyde compounds. This process benefits from low raw material costs and is economically advantaged due to the elimination of catalyst separation. This process shows promising stability and selectivity during lifetime studies, particularly when performed in the presence of a hydrogen carrier gas.

The present disclosure discloses: a bifunctional Cu/Ce—Zr-based catalyst suitable for reacting a ketone and alcohol which are contained in a fermented product of biomass and have a low molecular weight, and converting same into an aliphatic ketone having an increased carbon number; a method for producing the catalyst; and a method for producing a fuel-range aliphatic ketone, such as gasoline and air fuel, by using the catalyst.

The present disclosure discloses: a bifunctional Cu/Ce—Zr-based catalyst suitable for reacting a ketone and alcohol which are contained in a fermented product of biomass and have a low molecular weight, and converting same into an aliphatic ketone having an increased carbon number; a method for producing the catalyst; and a method for producing a fuel-range aliphatic ketone, such as gasoline and air fuel, by using the catalyst.

A system for geographic mobile customer relations management, using a mobile customer relations management system manager connected to at least one mobile-capable network-connected computing device configured to graphically identify, manage and update customer relations management data in a geographic context and configured to organize customer relations management data based on at least one specific real-time queried variable using a selective graphical encapsulating function and/or graphical query mode to yield optimal routes to location-based customers, with an option to optimize schedules and appointments based on real-time customer relations management data available in a customer relations management system.

A system for geographic mobile customer relations management, using a mobile customer relations management system manager connected to at least one mobile-capable network-connected computing device configured to graphically identify, manage and update customer relations management data in a geographic context and configured to organize customer relations management data based on at least one specific real-time queried variable using a selective graphical encapsulating function and/or graphical query mode to yield optimal routes to location-based customers, with an option to optimize schedules and appointments based on real-time customer relations management data available in a customer relations management system.

An efficient process useful for the self-condensation of aliphatic aldehydes is provided, catalyzed by dialkylammonium carboxylate salts. In particular, the invention provides a facile method for the preparation of 2-ethyl hexenal via the self-condensation of butyraldehyde using various dialkylammonium carboxylates, e.g., diisopropylammonium acetate or dimethylammonium acetate, as catalyst. Additionally, residual nitrogen arising from the catalyst can be reduced to −100 ppm levels in the product via a simple washing procedure. The invention provides a process for preparing alkenals under conditions which limit the formation of undesired impurities and high-boiling oligomeric substances.

An efficient process useful for the self-condensation of aliphatic aldehydes is provided, catalyzed by dialkylammonium carboxylate salts. In particular, the invention provides a facile method for the preparation of 2-ethyl hexenal via the self-condensation of butyraldehyde using various dialkylammonium carboxylates, e.g., diisopropylammonium acetate or dimethylammonium acetate, as catalyst. Additionally, residual nitrogen arising from the catalyst can be reduced to −100 ppm levels in the product via a simple washing procedure. The invention provides a process for preparing alkenals under conditions which limit the formation of undesired impurities and high-boiling oligomeric substances.

The present disclosure provides a process for preparing an aryl ketone of Formula I, comprising reacting a substituted benzene of Formula II with a carboxylic acid of formula IIIa and/or a carboxylic anhydride of formula IIIb in presence of an alkyl sulfonic acid acting as catalyst cum solvent/contacting medium. I, II, IIIa, IIIb, wherein, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are as defined in the description.

##STR00001##