A hydrocarbon compound and carbon monoxide are reacted in the presence of either a supported chromium (VI) catalyst or a supported chromium (II) catalyst, optionally with UV-visible light irradiation and/or exposure to an oxidizing atmosphere, followed by removing a reaction product containing an alcohol compound and/or a carbonyl compound from the respective chromium catalyst. Often, the reaction product contains one or more ketone and/or aldehyde compounds.

Nickel-based catalysts comprising silicon modified nickel (nickel silicate) are provided, as are methods for using the catalysts to i) convert methane to CO and H.sub.2 (e.g. for use in synthetic chemical compound production); or to ii) convert methane to oxygenated hydrocarbons e.g. one or more of methanol, acetone, formaldehyde, and dimethyl ether. The catalysts are bifunctional and comprise both Ni metallic catalytic sites and acidic nickel-silicon catalytic sites, and the conversions are performed under moderate reaction conditions.

Nickel-based catalysts comprising silicon modified nickel (nickel silicate) are provided, as are methods for using the catalysts to i) convert methane to CO and H.sub.2 (e.g. for use in synthetic chemical compound production); or to ii) convert methane to oxygenated hydrocarbons e.g. one or more of methanol, acetone, formaldehyde, and dimethyl ether. The catalysts are bifunctional and comprise both Ni metallic catalytic sites and acidic nickel-silicon catalytic sites, and the conversions are performed under moderate reaction conditions.

Provided is a process for preparing dry methacrolein which maximizes capture of methanol. Also provided is a process for producing methyl methacrylate.

Provided is a process for preparing dry methacrolein which maximizes capture of methanol. Also provided is a process for producing methyl methacrylate.

An apparatus and method of compressing a gas is provided. The system includes a gas storage tank and a liquid holding tank and a hollow cylinder. A piston is disposed in the hollow cylinder dividing the hollow cylinder into a first compartment and a second compartment. A gas collector tank is in fluid connection with the first compartment by an outline line. A radiator is provided in fluid connection with the second compartment and the liquid holding tank. The system also contains a pump. The apparatus system may also be coupled to a reactor system oxidizes a hydrocarbon-containing gas.

An apparatus and method of compressing a gas is provided. The system includes a gas storage tank and a liquid holding tank and a hollow cylinder. A piston is disposed in the hollow cylinder dividing the hollow cylinder into a first compartment and a second compartment. A gas collector tank is in fluid connection with the first compartment by an outline line. A radiator is provided in fluid connection with the second compartment and the liquid holding tank. The system also contains a pump. The apparatus system may also be coupled to a reactor system oxidizes a hydrocarbon-containing gas.

The present application provides systems and methods for producing isononanol and gasoline and diesel blending components. In at least one embodiment of the present systems and methods, a hydrocarbon feed is cracked in a steam cracker to form a first ethylene stream, a first propylene stream, and a C4 stream comprising isobutene and butadiene. The C4 stream is reacted with a methanol stream in a methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) unit to form MTBE and a butadiene-rich C4 stream. The butadiene-rich C4 stream is selectively hydrogenated in a butadiene unit to form a butene-rich C4 stream. The butene-rich C4 stream undergoes a series of reactions in an isononanol unit to produce isononanol and an olefin-rich stream. The olefin-rich stream is then separate, in a separation unit, a C8, C12, and C16 fuel oil streams.

The present application provides systems and methods for producing isononanol and gasoline and diesel blending components. In at least one embodiment of the present systems and methods, a hydrocarbon feed is cracked in a steam cracker to form a first ethylene stream, a first propylene stream, and a C4 stream comprising isobutene and butadiene. The C4 stream is reacted with a methanol stream in a methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) unit to form MTBE and a butadiene-rich C4 stream. The butadiene-rich C4 stream is selectively hydrogenated in a butadiene unit to form a butene-rich C4 stream. The butene-rich C4 stream undergoes a series of reactions in an isononanol unit to produce isononanol and an olefin-rich stream. The olefin-rich stream is then separate, in a separation unit, a C8, C12, and C16 fuel oil streams.

Nickel-based catalysts comprising silicon modified nickel (nickel silicate) are provided, as are methods for using the catalysts to i) convert methane to CO and H.sub.2 (e.g. for use in synthetic chemical compound production); or to ii) convert methane to oxygenated hydrocarbons e.g. one or more of methanol, acetone, formaldehyde, and dimethyl ether. The catalysts are bifunctional and comprise both Ni metallic catalytic sites and acidic nickel-silicon catalytic sites, and the conversions are performed under moderate reaction conditions.