The present teachings disclose contacting an amine salt catalyst with a dicarbonyl compound having an alkylene group between the carbonyl group; adding formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, or formalin in an amount of about 2:1 to about 3:1 moles of formaldehyde to moles of the dicarbonyl compound to form a mixture; and refluxing the mixture. The process forms a carbonyl-substituted alkene. The process may be performed in the absence of a solvent. The process may form methylene malonates, methylene dimalonates, methylene keto malonamides, methylene diketones, methylene keto esters, and the like.

Provided is a method for preparing 2-hydroxy-4-(2, 3-disubstituted benzyloxy)-5-substituted benzaldehyde derivative represented by formula (I). The method comprises the following steps: (1) preparing 3-aryl-2-substituted toluene derivative 2 by using 3-iodo-2-substituted toluene derivative 1 and aryl boronic acid 5 or aryl boronate as starting materials; (2) preparing a benzyl halide derivative 3 by using 3-aryl-2-substituted toluene derivative 2 as starting materials; and (.sup.3) preparing 4-(2, 3-disubstituted benzyloxy)-2-hydroxy-5-substituted benzaldehyde derivative (I) by using benzyl halide derivative 3 and 2,4-dihydroxy-5-substituted benzaldehyde 6.

##STR00001##

Provided is a method for preparing 2-hydroxy-4-(2, 3-disubstituted benzyloxy)-5-substituted benzaldehyde derivative represented by formula (I). The method comprises the following steps: (1) preparing 3-aryl-2-substituted toluene derivative 2 by using 3-iodo-2-substituted toluene derivative 1 and aryl boronic acid 5 or aryl boronate as starting materials; (2) preparing a benzyl halide derivative 3 by using 3-aryl-2-substituted toluene derivative 2 as starting materials; and (.sup.3) preparing 4-(2, 3-disubstituted benzyloxy)-2-hydroxy-5-substituted benzaldehyde derivative (I) by using benzyl halide derivative 3 and 2,4-dihydroxy-5-substituted benzaldehyde 6.

##STR00001##

The present invention relates to deuterated 1-piperazino-3-phenyl-indanes and salts thereof with activity at dopamine receptors D.sub.1 and D.sub.2 as well as the 5HT.sub.2 receptors in the central nervous system, to medicaments comprising such compounds as active ingredients, to the use of such compounds in the treatment of diseases in the central nervous system, and to methods of treatment comprising administration of such compounds.

The present invention relates to deuterated 1-piperazino-3-phenyl-indanes and salts thereof with activity at dopamine receptors D.sub.1 and D.sub.2 as well as the 5HT.sub.2 receptors in the central nervous system, to medicaments comprising such compounds as active ingredients, to the use of such compounds in the treatment of diseases in the central nervous system, and to methods of treatment comprising administration of such compounds.

The present invention relates to a novel synthetic pathway for alpha-tocopherol. The invention discloses different reactions yielding some new intermediates in a very high yield and stereoselectivity.

The present invention relates to a novel synthetic pathway for alpha-tocopherol. The invention discloses different reactions yielding some new intermediates in a very high yield and stereoselectivity.

Disclosed is a cyclopropanation process comprising the step of reacting an alkene compound having at least one carbon-carbon double bond with at least one dihaloalkane. The reaction is carried out in the presence of (i) particulate metal Zn, (ii) catalytically effective amount of particulate metal Cu or a salt thereof, (iii) at least one haloalkylsilane, and (iv) at least one solvent.

Disclosed is a cyclopropanation process comprising the step of reacting an alkene compound having at least one carbon-carbon double bond with at least one dihaloalkane. The reaction is carried out in the presence of (i) particulate metal Zn, (ii) catalytically effective amount of particulate metal Cu or a salt thereof, (iii) at least one haloalkylsilane, and (iv) at least one solvent.

The present invention discloses a nicotinyl alcohol ether derivative, a preparation method therefor, and a pharmaceutical composition and uses thereof. Specifically, the invention relates to nicotinyl alcohol ether derivatives represented by formula (I), a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, a stereoisomer thereof, a preparation method therefor, a pharmaceutical composition containing the one or more compounds, and uses of the compounds in treating diseases related to PD-1/PD-L1 signal channels, such as cancers, infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases.

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