The present invention provides a method for industrially producing a highly pure aromatic nitrile compound and a highly pure aromatic carboxylic acid compound safely and highly efficiently at low costs. Compound (2) is subjected to Willgerodt reaction in the presence of an additive as necessary, and the obtained amide compound (3) is hydrolyzed and neutralized to give carboxylic acid compound (4). Carboxylic acid compound (4) is reacted with a halogenating agent in the presence of a catalyst as necessary in an organic solvent, and further reacted with an amidating agent, and the obtained amide compound (5) or (6) is reacted with a dehydrating agent to give nitrile compound (1). Alternatively, carboxylic acid compound (4) is reacted with a halogenating agent and a compound represented by the formula R.sup.6SO.sub.2R.sup.7 in the presence of a catalyst as necessary in an organic solvent to give nitrile compound (1). Np is a naphthyl group optionally having substituent(s), R.sup.5 is an alkylene group having 1-3 carbon atoms, and other symbols are as described in the DESCRIPTION.

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The present invention provides a method for industrially producing a highly pure aromatic nitrile compound and a highly pure aromatic carboxylic acid compound safely and highly efficiently at low costs. Compound (2) is subjected to Willgerodt reaction in the presence of an additive as necessary, and the obtained amide compound (3) is hydrolyzed and neutralized to give carboxylic acid compound (4). Carboxylic acid compound (4) is reacted with a halogenating agent in the presence of a catalyst as necessary in an organic solvent, and further reacted with an amidating agent, and the obtained amide compound (5) or (6) is reacted with a dehydrating agent to give nitrile compound (1). Alternatively, carboxylic acid compound (4) is reacted with a halogenating agent and a compound represented by the formula R.sup.6SO.sub.2R.sup.7 in the presence of a catalyst as necessary in an organic solvent to give nitrile compound (1). Np is a naphthyl group optionally having substituent(s), R.sup.5 is an alkylene group having 1-3 carbon atoms, and other symbols are as described in the DESCRIPTION.

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An improved process for synthesizing alkyl methacrylates, in particular methyl methacrylate (MMA), involves reacting acetone cyanohydrin (ACH) and sulfuric acid in a first reaction stage (amidation). The process then involves heating the first reaction mixture in a second reaction stage (conversion) such that methacrylamide (MAA) is obtained; and then esterifying methacrylamide (MAA) with alcohol and water, preferably methanol and water, in a third reaction stage such that alkyl methacrylate is formed. The sulfuric acid used has a concentration of 98.0 wt % to 100.0 wt %. A subsequent working up of the third reaction mixture involves least two distillations in which the byproducts methacrylonitrile (MeAN) and acetone are obtained as an aqueous heteroazeotrope at least in part in the top fraction. At least some of the aqueous heteroazeotrope is removed from the process and at least partially reintroduced into the third reaction stage.

An improved process for synthesizing alkyl methacrylates, in particular methyl methacrylate (MMA), involves reacting acetone cyanohydrin (ACH) and sulfuric acid in a first reaction stage (amidation). The process then involves heating the first reaction mixture in a second reaction stage (conversion) such that methacrylamide (MAA) is obtained; and then esterifying methacrylamide (MAA) with alcohol and water, preferably methanol and water, in a third reaction stage such that alkyl methacrylate is formed. The sulfuric acid used has a concentration of 98.0 wt % to 100.0 wt %. A subsequent working up of the third reaction mixture involves least two distillations in which the byproducts methacrylonitrile (MeAN) and acetone are obtained as an aqueous heteroazeotrope at least in part in the top fraction. At least some of the aqueous heteroazeotrope is removed from the process and at least partially reintroduced into the third reaction stage.

Methods of synthesizing compounds comprising fluorinated aryl groups are disclosed, wherein said methods utilize hydrogen bond directed photocatalytic hydrodefluorination.

Methods of synthesizing compounds comprising fluorinated aryl groups are disclosed, wherein said methods utilize hydrogen bond directed photocatalytic hydrodefluorination.

Methods of synthesizing compounds comprising fluorinated aryl groups are disclosed, wherein said methods utilize hydrogen bond directed photocatalytic hydrodefluorination.

Present invention relates to a process and an installation (100) for the preparation of hydrogen cyanide by the Andrussow process, and more precisely for improving the conditions of mixing the reactant gases before feeding the Andrussow type reactor (60), in order to improve safety, to avoid any risk of explosion and to produce HCN in safe and efficient manner. The installation is configured in such a manner that oxygen is pre-mixed with air with a ratio comprised between 20.95% and 32.5% by volume, preferably between 25% and 30.5% by volume; methane containing gas and ammonia are simultaneously added in the pre-mixture of oxygen-enriched air in such a manner that the volumic ratio of methane to ammonia is comprised between 1.35 and 1.02 depending on the content of oxygen into air; said obtained reactant gases mixture having a temperature comprised between 80 C. and 120 C., preferably between 95 C. and 115 C. for feeding the Andrussow type reactor (60).

Present invention relates to a process and an installation (100) for the preparation of hydrogen cyanide by the Andrussow process, and more precisely for improving the conditions of mixing the reactant gases before feeding the Andrussow type reactor (60), in order to improve safety, to avoid any risk of explosion and to produce HCN in safe and efficient manner. The installation is configured in such a manner that oxygen is pre-mixed with air with a ratio comprised between 20.95% and 32.5% by volume, preferably between 25% and 30.5% by volume; methane containing gas and ammonia are simultaneously added in the pre-mixture of oxygen-enriched air in such a manner that the volumic ratio of methane to ammonia is comprised between 1.35 and 1.02 depending on the content of oxygen into air; said obtained reactant gases mixture having a temperature comprised between 80 C. and 120 C., preferably between 95 C. and 115 C. for feeding the Andrussow type reactor (60).

Disclosed is a method for producing adipamide, which may include the steps of: (a) reacting glucose, nitric acid (HNO.sub.3), sodium nitrite (NaNO.sub.2) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) to produce a glucaric acid potassium salt, (b) producing glucamide by reacting the glucaric acid potassium salt, with an acidic solution and removing a potassium ion from the glucaric acid potassium salt, (c) preparing an reaction admixture by adding the glucamide and a catalyst to hydrogen halide and acetic acid, and (d) treating the reaction admixture with hydrogen gas in a reactor thereby producing the adipamide.