The present invention is a catalyst comprising: (i) a compound comprising at least one first metal element selected from boron, magnesium, zirconium, and hafnium, and (ii) an alkali metal element, wherein the compound and the alkali metal element are supported on a carrier having silanol groups, an average particle size of the compound of the first metal element is 0.4 nm or more and 50 nm or less, the catalyst satisfies the following formula (1):

0.90×10.sup.−21 (g/number)≤X/(Y×Z)<10.8×10.sup.−21 (g/number)   formula (1), in which X is a molar ratio of the alkali metal element to the at least one first metal element in the catalyst, Y is a BET specific surface area of the catalyst (m.sup.2/g), and Z is a number of the silanol groups per unit area (number/nm.sup.2).

The present invention is a catalyst comprising: (i) a compound comprising at least one first metal element selected from boron, magnesium, zirconium, and hafnium, and (ii) an alkali metal element, wherein the compound and the alkali metal element are supported on a carrier having silanol groups, an average particle size of the compound of the first metal element is 0.4 nm or more and 50 nm or less, the catalyst satisfies the following formula (1):

0.90×10.sup.−21 (g/number)≤X/(Y×Z)<10.8×10.sup.−21 (g/number)   formula (1), in which X is a molar ratio of the alkali metal element to the at least one first metal element in the catalyst, Y is a BET specific surface area of the catalyst (m.sup.2/g), and Z is a number of the silanol groups per unit area (number/nm.sup.2).

Provided herein are methods and intermediates for making (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol hydrochloride, which are useful for the preparation of compounds useful for the treatment of a disease, disorder, or condition associated with the JNK pathway.

Provided herein are methods and intermediates for making (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol hydrochloride, which are useful for the preparation of compounds useful for the treatment of a disease, disorder, or condition associated with the JNK pathway.

Provided herein are methods and intermediates for making (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol hydrochloride, which are useful for the preparation of compounds useful for the treatment of a disease, disorder, or condition associated with the JNK pathway.

The present invention relates to a process for carbonylating allyl alcohols at low temperature, low pressure and/or low catalyst loading. In an alternative embodiment, an acylation product of the allyl alcohol is used for the carbonylation. The present invention likewise relates to the preparation of conversion products of these carbonylation products and specifically of (−)-ambrox.

The present invention relates to a process for carbonylating allyl alcohols at low temperature, low pressure and/or low catalyst loading. In an alternative embodiment, an acylation product of the allyl alcohol is used for the carbonylation. The present invention likewise relates to the preparation of conversion products of these carbonylation products and specifically of (−)-ambrox.

Provided is a free-polyunsaturated-fatty-acid-containing composition that has a total metal content of 0.1 ppm or less and that comprises at least one free polyunsaturated fatty acid having 20 or more carbon atoms, in an amount that is at least 80.0% of the amount of fatty acids in the composition; and a method for manufacturing a free-polyunsaturated-fatty-acid-containing composition, comprising: providing a raw material composition containing at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid having 20 or more carbon atoms; performing a hydrolysis treatment on a reaction solution prepared by combining the provided raw material composition, a lower alcohol, water having a total metal content of 0.01 ppm or less, and an alkali catalyst; and limiting the contact between the reaction composition and the metal after the hydrolysis treatment so that the product T [cm.sup.2×days] of the contact surface area [cm.sup.2] per 1 g and the contact time [days] between the composition and the metal is 100 or less.

Provided is a free-polyunsaturated-fatty-acid-containing composition that has a total metal content of 0.1 ppm or less and that comprises at least one free polyunsaturated fatty acid having 20 or more carbon atoms, in an amount that is at least 80.0% of the amount of fatty acids in the composition; and a method for manufacturing a free-polyunsaturated-fatty-acid-containing composition, comprising: providing a raw material composition containing at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid having 20 or more carbon atoms; performing a hydrolysis treatment on a reaction solution prepared by combining the provided raw material composition, a lower alcohol, water having a total metal content of 0.01 ppm or less, and an alkali catalyst; and limiting the contact between the reaction composition and the metal after the hydrolysis treatment so that the product T [cm.sup.2×days] of the contact surface area [cm.sup.2] per 1 g and the contact time [days] between the composition and the metal is 100 or less.

The present disclosure provides improved methods of performing ozonolysis on alkenes comprising non-reductive quenching of ozonide intermediates using Bronsted bases to yield aldehyde, ketone and/or carboxylic acid products.