This disclosure provides routes of synthesis of acrylic acid and other ,-unsaturated carboxylic acids and their salts, including catalytic methods. In an aspect, there is provided a process for producing an ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, the process comprising: (1) contacting in any order a group 8-11 transition metal precursor compound comprising at least one first ligand, at least one second ligand, an olefin, carbon dioxide, a diluent, and an anionic polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations to provide a reaction mixture; and (2) applying conditions to the reaction mixture suitable to produce the ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof. Methods of regenerating the polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations are described.

This disclosure provides routes of synthesis of acrylic acid and other ,-unsaturated carboxylic acids and their salts, including catalytic methods. In an aspect, there is provided a process for producing an ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, the process comprising: (1) contacting in any order a group 8-11 transition metal precursor compound comprising at least one first ligand, at least one second ligand, an olefin, carbon dioxide, a diluent, and an anionic polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations to provide a reaction mixture; and (2) applying conditions to the reaction mixture suitable to produce the ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof. Methods of regenerating the polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations are described.

This disclosure provides routes of synthesis of acrylic acid and other ,-unsaturated carboxylic acids and their salts, including catalytic methods. In an aspect, there is provided a process for producing an ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, the process comprising: (1) contacting in any order a group 8-11 transition metal precursor compound comprising at least one first ligand, at least one second ligand, an olefin, carbon dioxide, a diluent, and an anionic polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations to provide a reaction mixture; and (2) applying conditions to the reaction mixture suitable to produce the ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof. Methods of regenerating the polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations are described.

The present invention generally relates to processes for purification, recovery, and conversion of chlorophenol salts (e.g., 2,5-dichlorophenol and salts thereof). In various aspects, the present invention is related to removing one or more impurities from chlorophenol salt-containing process streams and/or recovering chlorophenol salts from process streams for use of the recovered chlorophenol elsewhere in an integrated process. Process streams that may be treated in accordance with the present invention include those incorporating one or more chlorophenol salts in a feed mixture and also those where one or more chlorophenol salts are present in a product or by-product stream of an integrated process. For example, conversion processes of the present invention are suitable as one piece of an integrated process for producing 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba) or a salt or ester thereof or a process for producing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or a salt or ester thereof. The present invention further relates to processes for preparation, purification, and recovery of intermediates formed in integrated processes utilizing chlorophenol salts such as 2,5-dichlorophenol as starting material, including the intermediate 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid (3,6-DCSA) formed during preparation of dicamba from 2,5-dichlorophenol.

The present invention generally relates to processes for purification, recovery, and conversion of chlorophenol salts (e.g., 2,5-dichlorophenol and salts thereof). In various aspects, the present invention is related to removing one or more impurities from chlorophenol salt-containing process streams and/or recovering chlorophenol salts from process streams for use of the recovered chlorophenol elsewhere in an integrated process. Process streams that may be treated in accordance with the present invention include those incorporating one or more chlorophenol salts in a feed mixture and also those where one or more chlorophenol salts are present in a product or by-product stream of an integrated process. For example, conversion processes of the present invention are suitable as one piece of an integrated process for producing 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba) or a salt or ester thereof or a process for producing 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or a salt or ester thereof. The present invention further relates to processes for preparation, purification, and recovery of intermediates formed in integrated processes utilizing chlorophenol salts such as 2,5-dichlorophenol as starting material, including the intermediate 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid (3,6-DCSA) formed during preparation of dicamba from 2,5-dichlorophenol.

This disclosure provides for catalyst systems and processes for forming an ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof. In an aspect, the catalyst system can comprise: a transition metal precursor comprising a Group 8-11 transition metal and at least one first ligand; optionally, at least one second ligand; an olefin; carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2); a diluent; and an oxoacid anion-substituted polyaromatic resin comprising a sulfonated polyaromatic resin, a phosphonated polyaromatic resin, a sulfinated polyaromatic resin, a thiosulfonated, or a thiosulfinated polyaromatic resin, and further comprising associated metal cations. Methods of regenerating the polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations are described.

This disclosure provides for catalyst systems and processes for forming an ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof. In an aspect, the catalyst system can comprise: a transition metal precursor comprising a Group 8-11 transition metal and at least one first ligand; optionally, at least one second ligand; an olefin; carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2); a diluent; and an oxoacid anion-substituted polyaromatic resin comprising a sulfonated polyaromatic resin, a phosphonated polyaromatic resin, a sulfinated polyaromatic resin, a thiosulfonated, or a thiosulfinated polyaromatic resin, and further comprising associated metal cations. Methods of regenerating the polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations are described.

This disclosure provides for catalyst systems and processes for forming an ,-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof. In an aspect, the catalyst system can comprise: a transition metal precursor comprising a Group 8-11 transition metal and at least one first ligand; optionally, at least one second ligand; an olefin; carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2); a diluent; and an oxoacid anion-substituted polyaromatic resin comprising a sulfonated polyaromatic resin, a phosphonated polyaromatic resin, a sulfinated polyaromatic resin, a thiosulfonated, or a thiosulfinated polyaromatic resin, and further comprising associated metal cations. Methods of regenerating the polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations are described.

This invention relates to a catalyst composition for a producing process of an unsaturated carboxylic acid salt and its derivatives from carbon dioxide and olefin, wherein the catalyst composition in the present invention has been proved to be effective in catalyzing the carboxylation of carbon dioxide and olefin, wherein said catalyst composition comprises: a) a palladium metal complex as shown in structure (I); ##STR00001## wherein, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 independently represents a group selected from hydrogen atom, halogen atom, alkyl group, alkyl halide group, alkoxy group, amine group, optionally from alkenyl group, alkynyl group, phenyl group, benzyl group, or cylic hydrocarbon group comprising hetero atom; R.sup.5 represents group selected from alkyl group or phenyl group; b) a ligand selected from organophosphorus compound; c) a base selected from sodium tert-butoxide, sodium isopropoxide, sodium 2,6-dimethylphenolate, sodium 2,6-difluorophenolate, sodium 2-methylphenolate, or sodium 2-fluorophenol); and d) a reducing agent.

This invention relates to a catalyst composition for a producing process of an unsaturated carboxylic acid salt and its derivatives from carbon dioxide and olefin, wherein the catalyst composition in the present invention has been proved to be effective in catalyzing the carboxylation of carbon dioxide and olefin, wherein said catalyst composition comprises: a) a palladium metal complex as shown in structure (I); ##STR00001## wherein, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.4 independently represents a group selected from hydrogen atom, halogen atom, alkyl group, alkyl halide group, alkoxy group, amine group, optionally from alkenyl group, alkynyl group, phenyl group, benzyl group, or cylic hydrocarbon group comprising hetero atom; R.sup.5 represents group selected from alkyl group or phenyl group; b) a ligand selected from organophosphorus compound; c) a base selected from sodium tert-butoxide, sodium isopropoxide, sodium 2,6-dimethylphenolate, sodium 2,6-difluorophenolate, sodium 2-methylphenolate, or sodium 2-fluorophenol); and d) a reducing agent.