Methods and a reactor system for producing acetic acid in a selective oxidation (SO) reactor are provided. An example method includes providing a fresh feed stream to the SO reactor, wherein the fresh feed stream includes a light hydrocarbon feed stream, a carbon dioxide feed stream, and a steam feed stream. Acetic acid is formed in the SO reactor. An acetic acid product stream is separated from a reactor effluent stream in a scrubber. A recycle gas stream is obtained from the scrubber. At least a portion of the recycle gas stream is combined into the fresh feed stream to the SO reactor.

Methods and a reactor system for producing acetic acid in a selective oxidation (SO) reactor are provided. An example method includes providing a fresh feed stream to the SO reactor, wherein the fresh feed stream includes a light hydrocarbon feed stream, a carbon dioxide feed stream, and a steam feed stream. Acetic acid is formed in the SO reactor. An acetic acid product stream is separated from a reactor effluent stream in a scrubber. A recycle gas stream is obtained from the scrubber. At least a portion of the recycle gas stream is combined into the fresh feed stream to the SO reactor.

This disclosure provides processes for forming acrylic acid and other α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids and their salts, including catalytic processes, and catalyst systems for effecting the processes. For example, there is provided a catalyst system for producing an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, the catalyst system comprising: (a) a transition metal precursor compound comprising a Group 8-11 transition metal and at least one first ligand; (b) optionally, at least one second ligand; and (c) an anionic polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations. The catalyst system can further comprise (d) an olefin; (e) carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2); and (f) a diluent. Methods of regenerating the anionic polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations are described.

This disclosure provides processes for forming acrylic acid and other α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids and their salts, including catalytic processes, and catalyst systems for effecting the processes. For example, there is provided a catalyst system for producing an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, the catalyst system comprising: (a) a transition metal precursor compound comprising a Group 8-11 transition metal and at least one first ligand; (b) optionally, at least one second ligand; and (c) an anionic polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations. The catalyst system can further comprise (d) an olefin; (e) carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2); and (f) a diluent. Methods of regenerating the anionic polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations are described.

This disclosure provides processes for forming acrylic acid and other α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids and their salts, including catalytic processes, and catalyst systems for effecting the processes. For example, there is provided a catalyst system for producing an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof, the catalyst system comprising: (a) a transition metal precursor compound comprising a Group 8-11 transition metal and at least one first ligand; (b) optionally, at least one second ligand; and (c) an anionic polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations. The catalyst system can further comprise (d) an olefin; (e) carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2); and (f) a diluent. Methods of regenerating the anionic polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations are described.

This disclosure provides for catalyst systems and processes for forming an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof. In an aspect, the catalyst system can comprise: a transition metal precursor comprising a Group 8-11 transition metal and at least one first ligand; optionally, at least one second ligand; an olefin; carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2); a diluent; and an oxoacid anion-substituted polyaromatic resin comprising a sulfonated polyaromatic resin, a phosphonated polyaromatic resin, a sulfinated polyaromatic resin, a thiosulfonated, or a thiosulfinated polyaromatic resin, and further comprising associated metal cations. Methods of regenerating the polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations are described.

This disclosure provides for catalyst systems and processes for forming an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof. In an aspect, the catalyst system can comprise: a transition metal precursor comprising a Group 8-11 transition metal and at least one first ligand; optionally, at least one second ligand; an olefin; carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2); a diluent; and an oxoacid anion-substituted polyaromatic resin comprising a sulfonated polyaromatic resin, a phosphonated polyaromatic resin, a sulfinated polyaromatic resin, a thiosulfonated, or a thiosulfinated polyaromatic resin, and further comprising associated metal cations. Methods of regenerating the polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations are described.

This disclosure provides for catalyst systems and processes for forming an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a salt thereof. In an aspect, the catalyst system can comprise: a transition metal precursor comprising a Group 8-11 transition metal and at least one first ligand; optionally, at least one second ligand; an olefin; carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2); a diluent; and an oxoacid anion-substituted polyaromatic resin comprising a sulfonated polyaromatic resin, a phosphonated polyaromatic resin, a sulfinated polyaromatic resin, a thiosulfonated, or a thiosulfinated polyaromatic resin, and further comprising associated metal cations. Methods of regenerating the polyaromatic resin with associated metal cations are described.

Proposed is a catalyst complex having high activity for carbon dioxide conversion reaction that converts carbon dioxide to useful compounds through reaction of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon containing at least one hydroxyl group, and a carbon dioxide conversion process using the same, wherein the catalyst complex includes, as an active metal in the catalyst complex, at least one of noble metals and at least one of transition metals other than noble metals, thereby having high activity for the carbon dioxide conversion reaction.

Proposed is a catalyst complex having high activity for carbon dioxide conversion reaction that converts carbon dioxide to useful compounds through reaction of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon containing at least one hydroxyl group, and a carbon dioxide conversion process using the same, wherein the catalyst complex includes, as an active metal in the catalyst complex, at least one of noble metals and at least one of transition metals other than noble metals, thereby having high activity for the carbon dioxide conversion reaction.