A process for the production of organic acids having at least three carbon atoms comprises the steps of forming an amount of carbon monoxide and reacting the amount of carbon monoxide with an amount of an unsaturated hydrocarbon. The reaction is preferably carried out in the presence of a supported palladium catalyst, a strong acid, and a phosphine. In some embodiments, the unsaturated hydrocarbon is one of acetylene and methylacetylene, and the organic acid is one of acrylic acid and methyl acrylic acid. The reacting step is preferably performed with carbon monoxide produced from carbon dioxide.

Disclosed herein is a method for selectively reducing, using electrical energy, CO.sub.2 to carbon monoxide or formic acid, a catalyst for use in the method, and an electrochemical reduction system. The method for producing carbon monoxide or formic acid by electrochemically reducing carbon dioxide of the present invention includes (a) reacting carbon dioxide with a metal complex represented by formula (1), and (b) applying a voltage to a reaction product of the carbon dioxide and the metal complex represented by formula (1):

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Disclosed herein is a method for selectively reducing, using electrical energy, CO.sub.2 to carbon monoxide or formic acid, a catalyst for use in the method, and an electrochemical reduction system. The method for producing carbon monoxide or formic acid by electrochemically reducing carbon dioxide of the present invention includes (a) reacting carbon dioxide with a metal complex represented by formula (1), and (b) applying a voltage to a reaction product of the carbon dioxide and the metal complex represented by formula (1):

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Starch-based fibers, compositions comprising same, method of preparing said starch-based fibers, kits and methods for use of said starch-based fibers including but not limited to oral delivery of cells (e.g., probiotic microorganisms) and/or molecules of interest (e.g., nutrients) are provided.

The present disclosure relates to methods, systems, and devices for efficiently extracting high quality oils and distillates, such as essential oils and hydrosols, from organic matter, such as plant matters. In some embodiments, organic matter comprises active chemical elements, which are used for therapeutic, medicinal, culinary, and industrial purposes.

The present disclosure relates to methods, systems, and devices for efficiently extracting high quality oils and distillates, such as essential oils and hydrosols, from organic matter, such as plant matters. In some embodiments, organic matter comprises active chemical elements, which are used for therapeutic, medicinal, culinary, and industrial purposes.

The present invention provides methods, reactor systems, and catalysts for increasing the yield of aromatic hydrocarbons produced while converting alkanols to hydrocarbons. The invention includes methods of using catalysts to increase the yield of benzene, toluene, and mixed xylenes in the hydrocarbon product.

The present invention provides methods, reactor systems, and catalysts for increasing the yield of aromatic hydrocarbons produced while converting alkanols to hydrocarbons. The invention includes methods of using catalysts to increase the yield of benzene, toluene, and mixed xylenes in the hydrocarbon product.

The invention relates to a method for the catalytic generation of formic acid at an oxygen partial pressure below 1 bar and regeneration of the catalyst used therefor.

The invention relates to a method for the catalytic generation of formic acid at an oxygen partial pressure below 1 bar and regeneration of the catalyst used therefor.