The present invention relates to a method of concentrating an aqueous solution at low pressure under a zero osmotic pressure difference condition, and more particularly, to a method of concentrating an aqueous solution containing a solute to be concentrated, at low pressure under a zero osmotic pressure difference condition. The method of the present invention comprises the steps of: (a) discharging water of a solute-containing aqueous solution to be concentrated, from a reverse osmosis separator to the outside, and transferring the concentrated aqueous solution to a zero osmotic pressure difference concentrator; (b) further concentrating the concentrated aqueous solution using the zero osmotic pressure difference concentrator comprising a feed chamber and a draw chamber, which are separated from each other by a reverse osmosis membrane or a forward osmosis membrane; and (c) recovering the solute and water from the aqueous solution further concentrated in the zero osmotic pressure difference concentrator. When the method of concentrating the aqueous solution at low pressure under the zero osmotic pressure difference condition is used, the aqueous solution can be concentrated to the maximum saturation concentration of a solute or a solution concentration of 100% using a reduced amount of energy without having to use an extraction solvent. In addition, there is an advantage in that a separate osmosis draw solution does not need to be used.

The disclosure provides methods for the production of liquefied petroleum gas from sustainable feedstocks, including methods comprising conversion of alcohols produced by gas fermentation for the production of propane and/or butane.

The disclosure provides methods for the production of liquefied petroleum gas from sustainable feedstocks, including methods comprising conversion of alcohols produced by gas fermentation for the production of propane and/or butane.

Methods for production of a bioproduct with a microorganism and selective extraction of bioproducts from a fermentation broth. The methods may include mixing a carbon source, a nitrogen source, and an extractant-depleted raffinate to form a fermentation medium, and fermenting the medium with a microorganism to form a fermentation broth having at least one bioproduct. The bioproduct may be extracted from the fermentation broth with an extractant comprising an oxygenated organic compound and a hydrocarbon to form an extract and a raffinate, and the extract may be further separated from the raffinate. The bioproduct may then be separated from the extract, and the extractant may be separated from the raffinate to regenerate the ex tract-depleted raffinate.

Methods for production of a bioproduct with a microorganism and selective extraction of bioproducts from a fermentation broth. The methods may include mixing a carbon source, a nitrogen source, and an extractant-depleted raffinate to form a fermentation medium, and fermenting the medium with a microorganism to form a fermentation broth having at least one bioproduct. The bioproduct may be extracted from the fermentation broth with an extractant comprising an oxygenated organic compound and a hydrocarbon to form an extract and a raffinate, and the extract may be further separated from the raffinate. The bioproduct may then be separated from the extract, and the extractant may be separated from the raffinate to regenerate the ex tract-depleted raffinate.

Methods for production of a bioproduct with a microorganism and selective extraction of bioproducts from a fermentation broth. The methods may include mixing a carbon source, a nitrogen source, and an extractant-depleted raffinate to form a fermentation medium, and fermenting the medium with a microorganism to form a fermentation broth having at least one bioproduct. The bioproduct may be extracted from the fermentation broth with an extractant comprising an olefin to form an extract and a raffinate, and the extract may be further separated from the raffinate. The bioproduct may then be separated from the extract, and the extractant may be separated from the raffinate to regenerate the extract-depleted raffinate.

Methods for production of a bioproduct with a microorganism and selective extraction of bioproducts from a fermentation broth. The methods may include mixing a carbon source, a nitrogen source, and an extractant-depleted raffinate to form a fermentation medium, and fermenting the medium with a microorganism to form a fermentation broth having at least one bioproduct. The bioproduct may be extracted from the fermentation broth with an extractant comprising an olefin to form an extract and a raffinate, and the extract may be further separated from the raffinate. The bioproduct may then be separated from the extract, and the extractant may be separated from the raffinate to regenerate the extract-depleted raffinate.

Zinc and copper (II) salts of the general formula CH.sub.2C(R.sup.1)COO-M-OCOR.sup.2 are disclosed, wherein M-Zn or Cu, R.sup.1H or CH.sub.3, R.sup.2C.sub.2-C.sub.25 alkyl, or R.sup.2COO group is crotonate, or sorbate, or linoleate, excluding the compounds: CH.sub.2C(CH.sub.3)COOZnOCOC.sub.2H.sub.5, CH.sub.2CHCOOZnOCOC.sub.2H.sub.5, CH.sub.2CHCOOCuOCOC.sub.2H.sub.5, CH.sub.2C(CH.sub.3)COOZnOCO(CH.sub.2).sub.4CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2CHCOOZnOCO(CH.sub.2).sub.4CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2CHCOOZnOCO(CH.sub.2).sub.6CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2C(CH.sub.3)COOZnOCO(CH.sub.2).sub.6CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2CHCOOCuOCO(CH.sub.2).sub.6CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2CHCOOZnOCO(CH.sub.2).sub.14CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2C(CH.sub.3)COOZnOCO(CH.sub.2).sub.16CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2C(CH.sub.3)COOZnOCO-iso-C.sub.17H.sub.35, CH.sub.2CHCOOZnOCO-iso-C.sub.17H.sub.35, CH.sub.2C(CH.sub.3)COOZnOCO(CH.sub.2).sub.17CH.sub.3. Salts of the general formula wherein R.sup.2C.sub.2-C.sub.25 alkyl, or R.sup.2COO group is crotonate, or sorbate, or linoleate, are applicable as biocides.

Zinc and copper (II) salts of the general formula CH.sub.2C(R.sup.1)COO-M-OCOR.sup.2 are disclosed, wherein M-Zn or Cu, R.sup.1H or CH.sub.3, R.sup.2C.sub.2-C.sub.25 alkyl, or R.sup.2COO group is crotonate, or sorbate, or linoleate, excluding the compounds: CH.sub.2C(CH.sub.3)COOZnOCOC.sub.2H.sub.5, CH.sub.2CHCOOZnOCOC.sub.2H.sub.5, CH.sub.2CHCOOCuOCOC.sub.2H.sub.5, CH.sub.2C(CH.sub.3)COOZnOCO(CH.sub.2).sub.4CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2CHCOOZnOCO(CH.sub.2).sub.4CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2CHCOOZnOCO(CH.sub.2).sub.6CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2C(CH.sub.3)COOZnOCO(CH.sub.2).sub.6CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2CHCOOCuOCO(CH.sub.2).sub.6CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2CHCOOZnOCO(CH.sub.2).sub.14CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2C(CH.sub.3)COOZnOCO(CH.sub.2).sub.16CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2C(CH.sub.3)COOZnOCO-iso-C.sub.17H.sub.35, CH.sub.2CHCOOZnOCO-iso-C.sub.17H.sub.35, CH.sub.2C(CH.sub.3)COOZnOCO(CH.sub.2).sub.17CH.sub.3. Salts of the general formula wherein R.sup.2C.sub.2-C.sub.25 alkyl, or R.sup.2COO group is crotonate, or sorbate, or linoleate, are applicable as biocides.

A process for manufacturing propionate products through fermentation, including the steps of fermenting a carbon source selected from sugars and lactate in a fermentation medium by means of a propionic acid producing microorganism to provide a first fermentation broth comprising a propionate salt, recovering propionic acid producing microorganism from the first fermentation broth, subjecting the first fermentation broth from which propionic acid producing microorganism have been recovered to a water removal step to form a first propionate salt product, fermenting a carbon source comprising glycerol with the propionic acid producing microorganism recovered from the first fermentation broth in the presence of an inorganic alkaline salt to provide a second fermentation broth comprising a propionate salt, subjecting the second fermentation broth to a purification step comprising at least one precipitation step, to form a second propionate salt product. The process allows efficient manufacture of propionate salts products.