Co-crystals of Formula I compounds and their pharmaceutical compositions are novel therapeutics for the treatment of diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and cancer. The co-crystal are more stable to oxidation and aqueous degradation, have a better pharmacokinetic profile and superior biological activity than the corresponding tosylate salt form of Formula I compound.

Co-crystals of Formula I compounds and their pharmaceutical compositions are novel therapeutics for the treatment of diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and cancer. The co-crystal are more stable to oxidation and aqueous degradation, have a better pharmacokinetic profile and superior biological activity than the corresponding tosylate salt form of Formula I compound.

The disclosure relates to methods of producing and recovering levulinic acid.

The disclosure relates to methods of producing and recovering levulinic acid.

The invention describes processes to prepare levulinic acid, formic acid and/or hydroxymethyl furfural from various biomass materials.

The invention describes processes to prepare levulinic acid, formic acid and/or hydroxymethyl furfural from various biomass materials.

The invention describes processes to convert biomass char, such as levulinic acid process char, into useful products.

The invention describes processes to convert biomass char, such as levulinic acid process char, into useful products.

Providing a catalytic process for preparing 1,4-diketone compounds from furanic compounds and their precursors in a liquid medium, using an acid catalytic system and optionally in the presence of hydrogen and a hydrogenation catalyst, wherein the acidic catalytic system comprises a solid acid catalyst or a mixture of water and CO.sub.2.

Providing a catalytic process for preparing 1,4-diketone compounds from furanic compounds and their precursors in a liquid medium, using an acid catalytic system and optionally in the presence of hydrogen and a hydrogenation catalyst, wherein the acidic catalytic system comprises a solid acid catalyst or a mixture of water and CO.sub.2.