The invention provides certain nicotine salt co-crystals and provides novel polymorphic forms of certain nicotine salts. In particular, certain nicotine salt-co-crystals are described, including nicotine and two different coformers. The invention further provides methods of preparation and characterization of nicotine salts, co-crystals, and salt co-crystals. In addition, tobacco products, including smoking articles, smokeless tobacco products, and electronic smoking articles comprising nicotine salts, co-crystals, and/or salt co-crystals are also provided.

A process includes the transesterification of a fatty acid triglyceride ester with a salt of hydroxycarboxylic acid without making use of organic solvents. The process can carried out with natural oils as starting material and produces a mixture of medium chain mono and diglycerides and medium chain esters of hydroxycarboxylic acid.

A process includes the transesterification of a fatty acid triglyceride ester with a salt of hydroxycarboxylic acid without making use of organic solvents. The process can carried out with natural oils as starting material and produces a mixture of medium chain mono and diglycerides and medium chain esters of hydroxycarboxylic acid.

A process for preparing a reverse osmosis membrane that includes: (A) providing a polyamine, a polyfunctional acid halide, and a flux increasing additive having the formula Z.sup.+B.sup., where Z.sup.+ is an easily dissociable cation and B.sup. is a beta-diketonate; (B) combining the polyamine, polyfunctional acid halide, and flux increasing additive on the surface of a porous support membrane; and (C) interfacially polymerizing the polyamine and the polyfunctional acid halide, and flux increasing additive on the surface of the porous support membrane to form a reverse osmosis membrane comprising (i) the porous support membrane and (ii) a discrimination layer comprising a polyamide. The reverse osmosis membrane is characterized by a flux that is greater than the flux of the same membrane prepared in the absence of the flux increasing additive.

This disclosure is directed to methods of preparing organic aldehydes, each method comprising contacting a terminal olefin with an oxidizing mixture comprising: (a) a dichloro-palladium complex; (b) a copper complex; (c) a source of nitrite;
under aerobic reaction conditions sufficient to convert at least a portion of the terminal olefin to an aldehyde.

This disclosure is directed to methods of preparing organic aldehydes, each method comprising contacting a terminal olefin with an oxidizing mixture comprising: (a) a dichloro-palladium complex; (b) a copper complex; (c) a source of nitrite;
under aerobic reaction conditions sufficient to convert at least a portion of the terminal olefin to an aldehyde.

This disclosure is directed to methods of preparing organic aldehydes, each method comprising contacting a terminal olefin with an oxidizing mixture comprising: (a) a dichloro-palladium complex; (b) a copper complex; (c) a source of nitrite;
under aerobic reaction conditions sufficient to convert at least a portion of the terminal olefin to an aldehyde.

The invention provides certain nicotine salt co-crystals and provides novel polymorphic forms of certain nicotine salts. In particular, certain nicotine salt-co-crystals are described, including nicotine and two different coformers. The invention further provides methods of preparation and characterization of nicotine salts, co-crystals, and salt co-crystals. In addition, tobacco products, including smoking articles, smokeless tobacco products, and electronic smoking articles comprising nicotine salts, co-crystals, and/or salt co-crystals are also provided.

The invention provides certain nicotine salt co-crystals and provides novel polymorphic forms of certain nicotine salts. In particular, certain nicotine salt-co-crystals are described, including nicotine and two different coformers. The invention further provides methods of preparation and characterization of nicotine salts, co-crystals, and salt co-crystals. In addition, tobacco products, including smoking articles, smokeless tobacco products, and electronic smoking articles comprising nicotine salts, co-crystals, and/or salt co-crystals are also provided.

The present disclosure is directed to salts and free bases of Compounds of Formula (I), including crystalline, semi-crystalline, amorphous, and polymorph forms thereof, and processes for their preparation.