Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for methods of hydrocarbon functionalization, methods and systems for converting a hydrocarbon into a compound including at least one group ((e.g., hydroxyl group) (e.g., methane to methanol)), functionalized hydrocarbons, and the like.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for methods of hydrocarbon functionalization, methods and systems for converting a hydrocarbon into a compound including at least one group ((e.g., hydroxyl group) (e.g., methane to methanol)), functionalized hydrocarbons, and the like.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for methods of hydrocarbon functionalization, methods and systems for converting a hydrocarbon into a compound including at least one group ((e.g., hydroxyl group) (e.g., methane to methanol)), functionalized hydrocarbons, and the like.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for methods of hydrocarbon functionalization, methods and systems for converting a hydrocarbon into a compound including at least one group ((e.g., hydroxyl group) (e.g., methane to methanol)), functionalized hydrocarbons, and the like.

Embodiments of the present invention provide methods of preparing functionalized graphene nanoribbons by (1) exposing a plurality of carbon nanotubes to an alkali metal source in the presence of an aprotic solvent, wherein the exposing opens the carbon nanotubes; and (2) exposing the opened carbon nanotubes to an electrophile to form functionalized graphene nanoribbons. Such methods may also include a step of exposing the opened carbon nanotubes to a protic solvent in order to quench any reactive species on the opened carbon nanotubes. Further embodiments of the present invention pertain to graphene nanoribbons formed by the methods of the present invention. Additional embodiments of the present invention pertain to nanocomposites and fibers containing the aforementioned graphene nanoribbons.

Embodiments of the present invention provide methods of preparing functionalized graphene nanoribbons by (1) exposing a plurality of carbon nanotubes to an alkali metal source in the presence of an aprotic solvent, wherein the exposing opens the carbon nanotubes; and (2) exposing the opened carbon nanotubes to an electrophile to form functionalized graphene nanoribbons. Such methods may also include a step of exposing the opened carbon nanotubes to a protic solvent in order to quench any reactive species on the opened carbon nanotubes. Further embodiments of the present invention pertain to graphene nanoribbons formed by the methods of the present invention. Additional embodiments of the present invention pertain to nanocomposites and fibers containing the aforementioned graphene nanoribbons.

A process for extraction of crude oil from distillers dried grain solubles and/or distillers dried grains using a solvent extraction process and producing corn distillers meal that may be used as an animal feed supplement is disclosed. The corn distillers meal may be used as a crude protein supplement for use in a livestock feed diet, poultry feed diet, aquatic feed diet or the like. The solvent extracted crude oil may be suitable for other processes, including oleochemical processing for personal care and home care products, biodiesel production, and/or renewable diesel production from hydro-treating the extracted oil to make green diesel fuel.

The invention relates to a method for producing functionalised monomers, the method comprising: a) providing a starting material selected from terpenes and terpenoids; b) forming a derivative of the starting material by incorporation of a hydroxyl group; c) esterifying the hydroxyl group of the derivative to introduce a moiety containing a vinyl group, so as to produce a functionalised monomer. The functionalised monomer can be polymerised to obtain a bio-derived polymer.

The invention relates to a method for producing functionalised monomers, the method comprising: a) providing a starting material selected from terpenes and terpenoids; b) forming a derivative of the starting material by incorporation of a hydroxyl group; c) esterifying the hydroxyl group of the derivative to introduce a moiety containing a vinyl group, so as to produce a functionalised monomer. The functionalised monomer can be polymerised to obtain a bio-derived polymer.

A biphenyl diester useful as a plasticizer having the formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 is an alkyl group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms and R.sup.2 is a methyl group or a phenyl group.