Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as hydroxy-carboxylic acids and hydroxy-carboxylic acid derivatives. A method includes treating a reduced recalcitrance lignocellulosic or cellulosic material with one or more enzymes and/or organisms (such as lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Rhizopus, Enterococcus) to produce an alpha, beta, gamma and/or delta hydroxycarboxylic acid (such as lactic acid, glycolic acid); and converting the alpha, beta, gamma and/or delta hydroxy-carboxylic acid to the product (such as esters, polymers, and copolymers).

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as hydroxy-carboxylic acids and hydroxy-carboxylic acid derivatives. A method includes treating a reduced recalcitrance lignocellulosic or cellulosic material with one or more enzymes and/or organisms (such as lactobacillus, Pediococcus, Rhizopus, Enterococcus) to produce an alpha, beta, gamma and/or delta hydroxycarboxylic acid (such as lactic acid, glycolic acid); and converting the alpha, beta, gamma and/or delta hydroxy-carboxylic acid to the product (such as esters, polymers, and copolymers).

The invention relates to a method for the production of acetylsalicylic acid lysinate, optionally lysine acetylsalicylate.glycine, comprising the following steps: a) providing a solution of acetylsalicylic acid in ethanol; b) providing an aqueous solution of lysine; c) combining the solutions of step a) and b) to form a mixture; d) optionally stirring the mixture; e) adding acetone to the mixture; f) incubating the mixture, to allow the formation of a acetylsalicylic acid lysinate product; g) isolating the acetylsalicylic acid lysinate product; wherein acetylsalicylic acid is used in excess compared to lysine and wherein no seed crystals are added to the mixture; and optionally the following further steps: h) providing a recrystallized glycine; wherein the glycine has been recrystallized with the following steps: h1) dissolving glycine in water; h2) adding acetone to the glycine solution; h3) stirring the mixture until a precipitate is obtained; i) combining the recrystallized glycine of step h) with the acetylsalicylic acid lysinate product of step g) to obtain lysine acetylsalicylate.glycine (LASAG) particles.

The invention relates to a method for the production of acetylsalicylic acid lysinate, optionally lysine acetylsalicylate.glycine, comprising the following steps: a) providing a solution of acetylsalicylic acid in ethanol; b) providing an aqueous solution of lysine; c) combining the solutions of step a) and b) to form a mixture; d) optionally stirring the mixture; e) adding acetone to the mixture; f) incubating the mixture, to allow the formation of a acetylsalicylic acid lysinate product; g) isolating the acetylsalicylic acid lysinate product; wherein acetylsalicylic acid is used in excess compared to lysine and wherein no seed crystals are added to the mixture; and optionally the following further steps: h) providing a recrystallized glycine; wherein the glycine has been recrystallized with the following steps: h1) dissolving glycine in water; h2) adding acetone to the glycine solution; h3) stirring the mixture until a precipitate is obtained; i) combining the recrystallized glycine of step h) with the acetylsalicylic acid lysinate product of step g) to obtain lysine acetylsalicylate.glycine (LASAG) particles.

A method for producing at least one olefin compound selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (51), a compound of formula (52), a compound of formula (53), and a compound of formula (54), the method including reacting an olefin compound of formula (21) with a olefin compound of formula (31) in the presence of at least one metal catalyst selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (11), a compound of formula (12), a compound of formula (13), a compound of formula (14), and a compound of formula (15). ##STR00001##

A method for producing at least one olefin compound selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (51), a compound of formula (52), a compound of formula (53), and a compound of formula (54), the method including reacting an olefin compound of formula (21) with a olefin compound of formula (31) in the presence of at least one metal catalyst selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (11), a compound of formula (12), a compound of formula (13), a compound of formula (14), and a compound of formula (15). ##STR00001##

In a cross coupling reaction, in a case where a halogen atom is selected as the leaving group of the raw material compound, a harmful halogen waste forms as a by-product after the reaction, and disposal of the waste liquid is complicated and environmental burden is high. In a carbon-hydrogen activation cross coupling reaction which requires no halogen atom as the leaving group, although no halogen waste forms as a by-product, the reaction substrate is considerably restricted, and the reaction remains a limited molecular construction method. A method for producing an aromatic compound, which comprises subjecting an aromatic nitro compound and a boronic acid compound to a cross coupling reaction in the presence of a metal catalyst.

In a cross coupling reaction, in a case where a halogen atom is selected as the leaving group of the raw material compound, a harmful halogen waste forms as a by-product after the reaction, and disposal of the waste liquid is complicated and environmental burden is high. In a carbon-hydrogen activation cross coupling reaction which requires no halogen atom as the leaving group, although no halogen waste forms as a by-product, the reaction substrate is considerably restricted, and the reaction remains a limited molecular construction method. A method for producing an aromatic compound, which comprises subjecting an aromatic nitro compound and a boronic acid compound to a cross coupling reaction in the presence of a metal catalyst.

Provided in the present invention are ingenol compounds and a use thereof in preparing an anti-HIV latency drug. In particular, provided in the present invention is a use of ingenol compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof for preparing a drug for: (a) intervening with HIV viral latency; (b) activating an HIV virus that has been integrated into mammalian genomes; and/or (c) inducing the expression of the dormant HIV provirus in infected cells. The compounds of the present invention may also be used in combination with antiretroviral drugs to accelerate the removal of latent viral reservoirs.

The invention includes methods and materials for forming and manipulating aromatic-based polymers and copolymers using biomass compounds as starting materials. Embodiments of the invention can be used in processes designed to replace those used in the petro-chemical industry. Typical embodiments of the invention include methods and materials for forming and/or modifying compounds including dicarboxylic acid ester dimers, benzoxazines and dicarboxylic acid ether dimers. Embodiments of the invention further provide methods and materials for utilizing these compounds to form commercially desirable polymers having structures and physical properties akin to those found in polymers formed from petroleum products.