The invention includes methods and materials for forming and manipulating aromatic-based polymers and copolymers using biomass compounds as starting materials. Embodiments of the invention can be used in processes designed to replace those used in the petro-chemical industry. Typical embodiments of the invention include methods and materials for forming and/or modifying compounds including dicarboxylic acid ester dimers, benzoxazines and dicarboxylic acid ether dimers. Embodiments of the invention further provide methods and materials for utilizing these compounds to form commercially desirable polymers having structures and physical properties akin to those found in polymers formed from petroleum products.

The present disclosure relates to the technical field of biochemical engineering and particularly discloses a preparation method for (R)-3-hydroxyl-5-hexenoate. In the method of the present disclosure, the (R)-3-hydroxyl-5-hexenoate is prepared by catalytic reduction of 3-carbonyl-5-hexenoate by ketoreductase with 3-carbonyl-5-hexenoate as the substrate. The amino acid sequence of ketoreductase is shown in SEQ ID NO.1. In the present disclosure, the (R)-3-hydroxyl-5-hexenoate having a very high chiral purity is obtained by asymmetric reduction by ketoreductase as the biocatalyst. The present disclosure has the advantages of easy operation, mild reaction conditions, high reaction yield and good practical industrial application value.

The present disclosure relates to the technical field of biochemical engineering and particularly discloses a preparation method for (R)-3-hydroxyl-5-hexenoate. In the method of the present disclosure, the (R)-3-hydroxyl-5-hexenoate is prepared by catalytic reduction of 3-carbonyl-5-hexenoate by ketoreductase with 3-carbonyl-5-hexenoate as the substrate. The amino acid sequence of ketoreductase is shown in SEQ ID NO.1. In the present disclosure, the (R)-3-hydroxyl-5-hexenoate having a very high chiral purity is obtained by asymmetric reduction by ketoreductase as the biocatalyst. The present disclosure has the advantages of easy operation, mild reaction conditions, high reaction yield and good practical industrial application value.

Provided is a production method whereby corresponding carboxylic acid anhydrides and carboxylic acid esters can be obtained at high yield from various carboxylic acids even without a solvent and near room temperature. A method for producing a carboxylic acid anhydride represented by formula (II), the method comprising reacting a compound represented by formula (I) and a carboxylic acid in the presence of a Group II metal compound having an ionic ligand containing an oxygen atom. A method for producing a carboxylic acid ester, the method comprising reacting a carboxylic acid anhydride produced by the aforementioned method and an alcohol. In formula (I), R.sup.1 represents a C.sub.1-20 hydrocarbon group. In formula (II), R.sup.2 represents a C.sub.1-20 hydrocarbon group.

Provided is a production method whereby corresponding carboxylic acid anhydrides and carboxylic acid esters can be obtained at high yield from various carboxylic acids even without a solvent and near room temperature. A method for producing a carboxylic acid anhydride represented by formula (II), the method comprising reacting a compound represented by formula (I) and a carboxylic acid in the presence of a Group II metal compound having an ionic ligand containing an oxygen atom. A method for producing a carboxylic acid ester, the method comprising reacting a carboxylic acid anhydride produced by the aforementioned method and an alcohol. In formula (I), R.sup.1 represents a C.sub.1-20 hydrocarbon group. In formula (II), R.sup.2 represents a C.sub.1-20 hydrocarbon group.

Provided herein are reactor systems and processes for producing organic acids directly from beta-lactones. Such reactor systems and processes involve the use of a heterogeneous catalyst, such as a zeolite at vapor phase conditions. The reactor systems and processes may use a fixed bed, moving bed or fluidized contacting zone as reactor configurations.

Provided herein are reactor systems and processes for producing organic acids directly from beta-lactones. Such reactor systems and processes involve the use of a heterogeneous catalyst, such as a zeolite at vapor phase conditions. The reactor systems and processes may use a fixed bed, moving bed or fluidized contacting zone as reactor configurations.

This invention describes the synthesis and pharmacologic activity of n=2, n=3, n=4, n=5, and n=6 D-lactic acid oligomers. D-lactic acid dimer has pharmacologic activity and sequesters L-lactate, and the other D-lactic acid oligomers have no activity in vitro, but may have pharmacologic activity in vivo as prodrugs of D-lactic acid dimer.

This invention describes the synthesis and pharmacologic activity of n=2, n=3, n=4, n=5, and n=6 D-lactic acid oligomers. D-lactic acid dimer has pharmacologic activity and sequesters L-lactate, and the other D-lactic acid oligomers have no activity in vitro, but may have pharmacologic activity in vivo as prodrugs of D-lactic acid dimer.

In a cross coupling reaction, in a case where a halogen atom is selected as the leaving group of the raw material compound, a harmful halogen waste forms as a by-product after the reaction, and disposal of the waste liquid is complicated and environmental burden is high. In a carbon-hydrogen activation cross coupling reaction which requires no halogen atom as the leaving group, although no halogen waste forms as a by-product, the reaction substrate is considerably restricted, and the reaction remains a limited molecular construction method.

A method for producing an aromatic compound, which comprises subjecting an aromatic nitro compound and a boronic acid compound to a cross coupling reaction in the presence of a metal catalyst.