1-.sup.13C-1,1-Bis(acetoxy(methyl))-2,2-cyclopropane of formula (I):

##STR00001##

The compound can be hyperpolarized and used as a contrast agent in .sup.13C Magnetic Resonance diagnostic technique (.sup.13C-MR) for the diagnosis of tumor.

A method for producing at least one olefin compound selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (51), a compound of formula (52), a compound of formula (53), and a compound of formula (54), the method including reacting an olefin compound of formula (21) with a olefin compound of formula (31) in the presence of at least one metal catalyst selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (11), a compound of formula (12), a compound of formula (13), a compound of formula (14), and a compound of formula (15). ##STR00001##

A method for producing at least one olefin compound selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (51), a compound of formula (52), a compound of formula (53), and a compound of formula (54), the method including reacting an olefin compound of formula (21) with a olefin compound of formula (31) in the presence of at least one metal catalyst selected from the group consisting of a compound of formula (11), a compound of formula (12), a compound of formula (13), a compound of formula (14), and a compound of formula (15). ##STR00001##

Methods selectively and efficiently produce 3,7-dimethyl-7-octenol and a carboxylic acid ester thereof. More specifically, a method produces 3,7-dimethyl-7-octenol, including steps of: subjecting a 3-methyl-3-butenyl nucleophilic reagent (2) and a 1,3-dihalo-2-methylpropane compound (3) to a coupling reaction to obtain a 2,6-dimethyl-6-heptenyl halide compound (4); converting the compound (4) into a 2,6-dimethyl-6-heptenyl nucleophilic reagent (5); and subjecting the nucleophilic reagent (5) to an addition reaction with at least one electrophilic reagent selected from the group made of formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde and 1,3,5-trioxane, followed by a hydrolysis reaction to obtain 3,7-dimethyl-7-octenol (6); and the other method.

##STR00001##

Methods selectively and efficiently produce 3,7-dimethyl-7-octenol and a carboxylic acid ester thereof. More specifically, a method produces 3,7-dimethyl-7-octenol, including steps of: subjecting a 3-methyl-3-butenyl nucleophilic reagent (2) and a 1,3-dihalo-2-methylpropane compound (3) to a coupling reaction to obtain a 2,6-dimethyl-6-heptenyl halide compound (4); converting the compound (4) into a 2,6-dimethyl-6-heptenyl nucleophilic reagent (5); and subjecting the nucleophilic reagent (5) to an addition reaction with at least one electrophilic reagent selected from the group made of formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde and 1,3,5-trioxane, followed by a hydrolysis reaction to obtain 3,7-dimethyl-7-octenol (6); and the other method.

##STR00001##

A functionalized flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived molecule, a process for forming a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains a functionalized flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived molecule are disclosed. The functionalized flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived molecule can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety with allyl functional groups, epoxy functional groups, propylene carbonate functional groups, or functionalized thioether substituents. The process for forming the flame-retardant polymer can include reacting an aconitic acid derivative with a flame-retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form a functionalized flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived molecule, and combining the functionalized flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived molecule with a polymer. The material in the article of manufacture can be a resin, plastic, polymer, or adhesive, and the article of manufacture can further comprise an electronic component.

A flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived cross-linker, a process for forming a flame-retardant resin, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains a flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived cross-linker are disclosed. The flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived cross-linker can have at least two phosphoryl or phosphonyl moieties with allyl functional groups, epoxy functional groups, propylene carbonate functional group, or functionalized thioether substituents. The process for forming the flame-retardant polymer can include forming an aconitic acid derivative, forming a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule, and reacting the aconitic acid derivative with the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule to form a flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived cross-linker, and binding the cross-linker to a polymer. The aconitic acid derivative can be synthesized from aconitic acid obtained from a bio-based source. Examples of aconitic acid derivatives include carboxysuccinic acid, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-butenediol, and 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4-butanediol. The article of manufacture can further comprise an electronic component.

Described is a method of detecting and/or determining levels of incorporation of monolignol ferulate conjugate esters into lignin by derivatizing the lignin, reductively cleaving the lignin, labeling the cleavage products, and then detecting cleavage products derived from monolignol ester conjugates via differential attachment of the label.

Described is a method of detecting and/or determining levels of incorporation of monolignol ferulate conjugate esters into lignin by derivatizing the lignin, reductively cleaving the lignin, labeling the cleavage products, and then detecting cleavage products derived from monolignol ester conjugates via differential attachment of the label.

A flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived small molecule, a process for forming a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains a flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived small molecule are disclosed. The flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived small molecule can be synthesized from aconitic acid obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety with phenyl, allyl, or thioether substituents. The process for forming the flame-retardant polymer can include reacting an aconitic acid derivative with a flame-retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form a flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived small molecule, and combining the flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived small molecule with a polymer. The material in the article of manufacture can be a resin, adhesive, polymer, etc.