The present application provides novel tetrahydro-isohumulone (THIAA) derivatives and substantially enantiomerically pure compositions and pharmaceutical formulations thereof. The application further provides methods of using the disclosed compounds and compositions to activate PPAR, inhibit inflammation, and treat conditions associated with inflammation and conditions responsive to PPAR modulation such as diabetes.

An electrochemical apparatus includes an electrolyte, where the electrolyte includes a carboxylate compound and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). Based on a total weight of the electrolyte, percentages of the carboxylate compound and FEC are w.sub.1 and w.sub.2 respectively, where 5%?w.sub.1?60%, 2%?w.sub.2?12%, and 2?w.sub.1/w.sub.2?20. The electrochemical apparatus delivers excellent fast charging performance and high-temperature interval cycle performance.

Disclosed are compounds of Formula I, including all stereoisomers and salts thereof, ##STR00001##
wherein Q.sup.1, Q.sup.2 and R are as defined in the disclosure. Also disclosed is a method for preparing a compound of Formula I, comprising contacting a compound of Formula II ##STR00002## with a compound of Formula III ##STR00003## optionally in the presence of a catalyst or a base to form a compound of Formula I. Further disclosed is a method for preparing a compound of Formula IV, ##STR00004##
comprising reductively cyclizing a compound of Formula I in the presence of a reducing agent.

Disclosed are compounds of Formula I, including all stereoisomers and salts thereof, ##STR00001##
wherein Q.sup.1, Q.sup.2 and R are as defined in the disclosure. Also disclosed is a method for preparing a compound of Formula I, comprising contacting a compound of Formula II ##STR00002## with a compound of Formula III ##STR00003## optionally in the presence of a catalyst or a base to form a compound of Formula I. Further disclosed is a method for preparing a compound of Formula IV, ##STR00004##
comprising reductively cyclizing a compound of Formula I in the presence of a reducing agent.

Process for methoxycarbonylation with formic acid as the CO source.

Process for methoxycarbonylation with formic acid as the CO source.

The present disclosure relates to an etching solution capable of suppressing particle appearance including a first silane compound in which three or more hydrophilic functional groups are independently bonded to a silicon atom and a second silane compound in which one or two hydrophilic functional groups are independently bonded to a silicon atom.

The present disclosure relates to an etching solution capable of suppressing particle appearance including a first silane compound in which three or more hydrophilic functional groups are independently bonded to a silicon atom and a second silane compound in which one or two hydrophilic functional groups are independently bonded to a silicon atom.

The invention provides plasticisers for polymeric compositions, particularly advantageous for PVC compositions, exhibiting a good heat and mechanical stability, as well as a low toxicity. The plasticisers are tri-esters of 1,2,4-benzenetriol and can be obtained in a low-cost process.

The invention relates to a derivative of 15-oxospiramilacton, particularly to a compound of Formula I or II, or an isomer, a solvate or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound as pharmaceutically active ingredient, a method for preparing the same, and use thereof in manufacture of an anti-tumor agent. The derivative of 15-oxospiramilactone of the invention have an activity against multiple tumor cell lines, and the anti-tumor activity is positively correlated to an activity inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway. ##STR00001##