A method for producing fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerol implementing a set of transesterification reactions between at least one vegetable or animal oil and at least one aliphatic monoalcohol includes: introducing, into a three-dimensional microball mill at least one vegetable and/or animal oil, at least one aliphatic monoalcohol and at least one heterogenous and/or homogenous catalyst in order to form an initial mixture; grinding the initial mixture at a temperature50 C., in a three-dimensional microball mill, for a residence time5 minutes; recovering, at the outlet of the three-dimensional mill, a final mixture including at least fatty acid alkyl esters, glycerol, the catalyst and the aliphatic monoalcohol that has not reacted; and separating this final mixture of a first phase including the fatty acid alkyl esters and of a second phase including the glycerol, the aliphatic monoalcohol that has not reacted and the catalyst.

Catalysts and methods for use in conversion of glycerides and free fatty acids to biodiesel are described. A batch or continuous process may be used with the catalysts for transesterification of triglycerides with an alkyl alcohol to produce corresponding mono carboxylic acid esters and glycerol in high yields and purity. Similarly, alkyl and aryl carboxylic acids and free fatty acids are also converted to corresponding alkyl esters. Catalysts are capable of simultaneous esterification and transesterification under same process conditions. The described catalysts are thermostable, long lasting, and highly active.

Catalysts and methods for use in conversion of glycerides and free fatty acids to biodiesel are described. A batch or continuous process may be used with the catalysts for transesterification of triglycerides with an alkyl alcohol to produce corresponding mono carboxylic acid esters and glycerol in high yields and purity. Similarly, alkyl and aryl carboxylic acids and free fatty acids are also converted to corresponding alkyl esters. Catalysts are capable of simultaneous esterification and transesterification under same process conditions. The described catalysts are thermostable, long lasting, and highly active.

A chemical reaction method having steps of preparing a chemical reaction apparatus by partitioning an inside of a horizontal flow reactor into multiple chambers by multiple partition plates, and flowing a liquid horizontally with an unfilled space being provided thereabove, generating microwaves with a microwave generator, and transmiting the microwaves, with at least one waveguide, to the unfilled space in the reactor. Also forming a top portion of the partition plates act as a weir, inclining the reactor such that, in each of the chambers, a weir height on the inlet side is higher than a weir height on the outlet side by at least an overflow depth at the partition plate on the outlet side, flowing content over each of the partition plates inside the reactor, and configuring the weir heights of the partition plates in the reactor are the same in a state where the reactor is not inclined.

A chemical reaction method having steps of preparing a chemical reaction apparatus by partitioning an inside of a horizontal flow reactor into multiple chambers by multiple partition plates, and flowing a liquid horizontally with an unfilled space being provided thereabove, generating microwaves with a microwave generator, and transmiting the microwaves, with at least one waveguide, to the unfilled space in the reactor. Also forming a top portion of the partition plates act as a weir, inclining the reactor such that, in each of the chambers, a weir height on the inlet side is higher than a weir height on the outlet side by at least an overflow depth at the partition plate on the outlet side, flowing content over each of the partition plates inside the reactor, and configuring the weir heights of the partition plates in the reactor are the same in a state where the reactor is not inclined.

The invention relates to a composition comprising: at least one alkane-sulphonic acid RSO.sub.3H wherein R represents a saturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon chain comprising from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, which can or cannot be substituted by at least one halogen atom, at least one aryl-sulphonic acid; and optionally at least one solvent,
of which the proportions are as defined in the description.

The invention also relates to the use of composition in a fatty acid esterification method.

The invention relates to a composition comprising: at least one alkane-sulphonic acid RSO.sub.3H wherein R represents a saturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon chain comprising from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, which can or cannot be substituted by at least one halogen atom, at least one aryl-sulphonic acid; and optionally at least one solvent,
of which the proportions are as defined in the description.

The invention also relates to the use of composition in a fatty acid esterification method.

The present invention relates to an additive for a non-aqueous electrolyte solution, which may suppress the generation of metallic foreign matter causing a side effect in a battery while forming a stable film on the surface of an electrode, a non-aqueous electrolyte solution for a lithium secondary battery which includes the additive, and a lithium secondary battery including the non-aqueous electrolyte solution.

An algae treatment method includes: a first step of culturing microalgae in a culture medium having an initial nitrogen concentration of less than 12 mg/L for three days or more; and a second step of performing a thermal treatment of the microalgae that has gone through the first step at a pH of 2.0 or more and 10.0 or less and a temperature of 35 C. or more and 80 C. or less.

An algae treatment method includes: a first step of culturing microalgae in a culture medium having an initial nitrogen concentration of less than 12 mg/L for three days or more; and a second step of performing a thermal treatment of the microalgae that has gone through the first step at a pH of 2.0 or more and 10.0 or less and a temperature of 35 C. or more and 80 C. or less.