The invention relates to a process for doubly carbonylating allyl ethers to the corresponding diesters, wherein a linear or branched allyl ether is reacted with a linear or branched alkanol (alcohol) with supply of CO and in the presence of a catalytic system composed of a palladium complex and at least one organic phosphorus ligand and in the presence of a hydrogen halide selected from HCl, HBr and HI.

A surface active agent comprising an arylated methyl ester of a fatty acid, or mixture of fatty acids, derived from biodiesel or a triglyceride source is disclosed. The fatty acid mixture is condensed to methyl esters and alkylated with aromatic substituents under Friedel-Crafts conditions. The alkylated methyl esters may be alkoxylated using a catalyst derived from fatty acids, alkaline earth salts, and strong acids. The resulting nonionic surfactant may also be sulfonated to produce one class of anionic surfactants. The alkylated methyl esters may also be directly sulfonated to produce another class of anionic surfactants.

A method for the preparation of an alkali metal cinnamate powdery product, preferably potassium cinnamate or sodium cinnamate, is disclosed herein. The resulting product has novel structural properties. The powder of the present disclosure is made via spray-drying and/or spray agglomeration and has a higher flowability, is less cohesive and less dusty, has an improved dissolution rate and in particular has a very favorable organoleptic profile. The disclosure is also directed to product applications in which the novel cinnamate product of the present disclosure may be applied.

A method for the preparation of an alkali metal cinnamate powdery product, preferably potassium cinnamate or sodium cinnamate, is disclosed herein. The resulting product has novel structural properties. The powder of the present disclosure is made via spray-drying and/or spray agglomeration and has a higher flowability, is less cohesive and less dusty, has an improved dissolution rate and in particular has a very favorable organoleptic profile. The disclosure is also directed to product applications in which the novel cinnamate product of the present disclosure may be applied.

A composition including one or more aromatic alkanoate monoester compounds represented by the formulae (I) and (II) as defined herein. The composition has a viscosity (Kv.sub.100) from about 1 cSt to about 10 cSt at 100 C. as determined by ASTM D445, a viscosity index (VI) from about 100 to about 300 as determined by ASTM D2270, and a Noack volatility of no greater than 50 percent as determined by ASTM D5800. A process for producing the composition, a lubricating oil base stock and lubricating oil containing the composition, and a method for improving one or more of thermal and oxidative stability, solubility and dispersancy of polar additives, deposit control and traction control in a lubricating oil by using as the lubricating oil a formulated oil containing the composition.

The invention relates to a process for doubly carbonylating allyl alcohols to the corresponding diesters, wherein a linear or branched allyl alcohol is reacted with a linear or branched alkanol (alcohol) with supply of CO and in the presence of a catalytic system composed of a palladium complex and at least one organic phosphorus ligand and in the presence of a hydrogen halide selected from HCl, HBr and HI.

The invention relates to a process for doubly carbonylating allyl alcohols to the corresponding diesters, wherein a linear or branched allyl alcohol is reacted with a linear or branched alkanol (alcohol) with supply of CO and in the presence of a catalytic system composed of a palladium complex and at least one organic phosphorus ligand and in the presence of a hydrogen halide selected from HCl, HBr and HI.

The invention relates to a process for doubly carbonylating allyl ethers to the corresponding diesters, wherein a linear or branched allyl ether is reacted with a linear or branched alkanol (alcohol) with supply of CO and in the presence of a catalytic system composed of a palladium complex and at least one organic phosphorus ligand and in the presence of a hydrogen halide selected from HCl, HBr and HI.

The invention relates to a process for doubly carbonylating allyl ethers to the corresponding diesters, wherein a linear or branched allyl ether is reacted with a linear or branched alkanol (alcohol) with supply of CO and in the presence of a catalytic system composed of a palladium complex and at least one organic phosphorus ligand and in the presence of a hydrogen halide selected from HCl, HBr and HI.

Processes are described for the preparation of estrogen receptor modulating compound, (E)-3-(4-((E)-2-(2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-1-(1H-indazol-5-yl)but-1-en-1-yl)phenyl)acrylic acid I:

##STR00001## and salts thereof, and intermediates useful for the preparation of I.