This disclosure relates to ester compounds formed from gamma-branched aliphatic alcohols, lubricating oil base stocks comprising such ester compounds, lubricating oil compositions comprising such ester compounds, and method of making such base stocks. The lubricating oil base stocks comprising the ester compounds exhibit desirable lubricating properties such as polarity.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a lubricating oil composition comprising a lubricating oil base stock and a compound of formula (I): ##STR00001##
or a salt thereof, wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 have any of the values defined in the specification, as well as methods of use thereof.

Certain embodiments of the invention provide a lubricating oil composition comprising a lubricating oil base stock and a compound of formula (I): ##STR00001##
or a salt thereof, wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 have any of the values defined in the specification, as well as methods of use thereof.

This invention relates to a specimen-extracting solution containing a component capable of strongly suppressing false negatives, which could not be suppressed by conventional techniques, a method for extracting specimens, and a test reagent using such specimen-extracting solution and such method, when detecting virus, bacteria, target protein, or other antigens from specimens derived from body fluids, such as nasal swab specimens, nasal aspirate specimens, nasal wash specimens, nasal secretion specimens collected by nose blowing, pharyngeal swab specimens, saliva specimens, fecal specimens, serum specimens, plasma specimens, and urine specimens, with the use of a detection reagent utilizing the antigen-antibody reactions or the reactions between substances interactive with each other. The specimen-extracting solution as a constitutional unit of the test reagent or a member brought into contact with the specimens in a step performed before the detection reaction or a step performed simultaneously with the detection reaction is supplemented with a water-soluble compound comprising a phenyl, benzyl, tolyl, or xylyl group and, bound thereto, at least a carboxyl group, a functional group comprising methylated/ethylated atoms thereof, or a hydroxyl group.

This invention relates to a specimen-extracting solution containing a component capable of strongly suppressing false negatives, which could not be suppressed by conventional techniques, a method for extracting specimens, and a test reagent using such specimen-extracting solution and such method, when detecting virus, bacteria, target protein, or other antigens from specimens derived from body fluids, such as nasal swab specimens, nasal aspirate specimens, nasal wash specimens, nasal secretion specimens collected by nose blowing, pharyngeal swab specimens, saliva specimens, fecal specimens, serum specimens, plasma specimens, and urine specimens, with the use of a detection reagent utilizing the antigen-antibody reactions or the reactions between substances interactive with each other. The specimen-extracting solution as a constitutional unit of the test reagent or a member brought into contact with the specimens in a step performed before the detection reaction or a step performed simultaneously with the detection reaction is supplemented with a water-soluble compound comprising a phenyl, benzyl, tolyl, or xylyl group and, bound thereto, at least a carboxyl group, a functional group comprising methylated/ethylated atoms thereof, or a hydroxyl group.

Provided is a method for the alcoholysis of an amide. The method comprises subjecting an amide-containing compound to alcoholysis under alkaline conditions using an epoxy compound as an accelerant of alcoholysis.

Provided is a method for the alcoholysis of an amide. The method comprises subjecting an amide-containing compound to alcoholysis under alkaline conditions using an epoxy compound as an accelerant of alcoholysis.

The present disclosure discloses prodrugs of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid as well as compositions and uses thereof.

The present disclosure discloses prodrugs of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid as well as compositions and uses thereof.

A process for the hydrogenation of a substrate comprising a carbon heteroatom double bond in the presence of a transition metal complex comprising a tridentate or bisdentate-ligand containing a nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus atom, of which at least the N- and P- and optionally also the S-atom coordinates with the transition metal.