An electrolyte solution containing a solvent. The solvent contains a compound (1) represented by the following formula (1), wherein R.sup.a, R.sup.b, R.sup.c, and R.sup.d are the same as or different from each other, and are each —H, —F, —CH.sub.3, or —CF.sub.3; at least one of R.sup.a, R.sup.b, R.sup.c, or R.sup.d is —F or —CF.sub.3; and at least one of R.sup.a, R.sup.b, R.sup.c, or R.sup.d is —CH.sub.3, and a compound (2) represented by the following formula (2), wherein R.sup.e is a C1-C5 linear or branched alkyl or alkoxy group optionally containing an ether bond; R.sup.f is a C1-C5 linear or branched alkyl group optionally containing an ether bond; and at least one of R.sup.e or R.sup.f contains a fluorine atom. Also disclosed is an electrochemical device including the electrolyte solution, a lithium-ion secondary battery including the electrolyte solution and a module including the electrochemical device. ##STR00001##

Provided is a compound having one or more halogens and an unsaturated double bond. Provided is a method for producing an iodine-containing vinyl monomer comprising: a) a step of providing an iodine-containing alcohol substrate having a general structure represented by the formula (1-1):

##STR00001##

(the definitions of the variables in the formula (1-1) are as described in the specification); and b) a step of dehydrating the iodine-containing alcohol substrate to obtain the iodine-containing vinyl monomer having a general structure represented by the formula (1):

##STR00002##

(the definitions of the variables in the formula (1) are as described in the specification).

The present invention relates to: a novel method for preparing a heterocyclic derivative compound of chemical formula I below; a novel intermediate compound used in the preparation method; a composition for treatment or prevention of hyperuricacidemia, gout, nephritis, chronic renal insufficiency, nephrolith, uremia, urolithiasis, or a uric acid-related disease, the composition containing the compound of chemical formula I at a dose of more than 2 mg and equal to or less than 10 mg and being orally administered once a day; and a hydrochloride 1.5 hydrate of the novel compound of chemical formula I.

The invention relates to a process wherein a dialkyl carbonate stream containing an ether alkanol impurity is subjected to extractive distillation using an extraction solvent to obtain a top stream comprising dialkyl carbonate and a bottom stream comprising the ether alkanol impurity and the extraction solvent, wherein the extraction solvent is an organic compound containing one or more ester moieties and/or ether moieties which organic compound does not contain a hydroxyl group. Further, the invention relates to a process for making a diaryl carbonate, comprising reacting an aryl alcohol with a stream containing a dialkyl carbonate from which stream an ether alkanol impurity has been removed in accordance with the above-described process.

The invention relates to a process wherein a dialkyl carbonate stream containing an ether alkanol impurity is subjected to extractive distillation using an extraction solvent to obtain a top stream comprising dialkyl carbonate and a bottom stream comprising the ether alkanol impurity and the extraction solvent, wherein the extraction solvent is an organic compound containing one or more ester moieties and/or ether moieties which organic compound does not contain a hydroxyl group. Further, the invention relates to a process for making a diaryl carbonate, comprising reacting an aryl alcohol with a stream containing a dialkyl carbonate from which stream an ether alkanol impurity has been removed in accordance with the above-described process.

A method and system for membrane-assisted production of high purity concentrated dimethyl carbonate by the reaction of carbon dioxide and methanol is provided. Carbon dioxide is recovered from flue gas or other dilute streams from industrial processes by a membrane and subsequent conversion takes place to an intermediate methyl carbamate by reacting of carbon dioxide with ammonia and methanol. For high-purity carbon dioxide obtained by one of the carbon capture technologies or by a process (such as, for example, ethanol fermentation process) the membrane reactor is replaced with a catalytic reactor for direct conversion of carbon dioxide to methyl carbamate by reacting with ammonia and methanol. The methyl carbamate is further reacted with methanol for conversion to dimethyl carbonate. An integrated reactive distillation process using side reactors is used for facilitating the catalytic reaction in the subject method for producing high purity dimethyl carbonate.

A method and system for membrane-assisted production of high purity concentrated dimethyl carbonate by the reaction of carbon dioxide and methanol is provided. Carbon dioxide is recovered from flue gas or other dilute streams from industrial processes by a membrane and subsequent conversion takes place to an intermediate methyl carbamate by reacting of carbon dioxide with ammonia and methanol. For high-purity carbon dioxide obtained by one of the carbon capture technologies or by a process (such as, for example, ethanol fermentation process) the membrane reactor is replaced with a catalytic reactor for direct conversion of carbon dioxide to methyl carbamate by reacting with ammonia and methanol. The methyl carbamate is further reacted with methanol for conversion to dimethyl carbonate. An integrated reactive distillation process using side reactors is used for facilitating the catalytic reaction in the subject method for producing high purity dimethyl carbonate.

The application related to an ibuprofen ester derivative and an emulsion preparation thereof. A carboxyl group of racemic ibuprofen or S-ibuprofen is derivatized so that Compound N9 and a dextrorotatory enantiomer N9(S) thereof are obtained and further prepared into an emulsion preparation, which overcomes the problems of safety and compliance of patients existing in clinical application of existing ibuprofen/dexibuprofen injections and achieves the purposes of reducing vascular irritation, increasing clinical use approaches, and improving the stability of preparations in clinical applications.

The application related to an ibuprofen ester derivative and an emulsion preparation thereof. A carboxyl group of racemic ibuprofen or S-ibuprofen is derivatized so that Compound N9 and a dextrorotatory enantiomer N9(S) thereof are obtained and further prepared into an emulsion preparation, which overcomes the problems of safety and compliance of patients existing in clinical application of existing ibuprofen/dexibuprofen injections and achieves the purposes of reducing vascular irritation, increasing clinical use approaches, and improving the stability of preparations in clinical applications.

The current invention relates to long α-ω di-functional linear molecules as building blocks closing the gap between small molecules and polymers, or in a polycondensated form, in the production of oligomers and/or polymers, surfactants, lubricants, coatings, colloidal stabilizing surface chains/molecules.