Small molecule xanthine oxidase inhibitors are provided, as well as methods for their use in treating gout or hyperuricemia.

Small molecule xanthine oxidase inhibitors are provided, as well as methods for their use in treating gout or hyperuricemia.

Small molecule xanthine oxidase inhibitors are provided, as well as methods for their use in treating gout or hyperuricemia.

Small molecule xanthine oxidase inhibitors are provided, as well as methods for their use in treating gout or hyperuricemia.

The present invention relates to a process for preparing aldehydes and ketones by carbon-carbon bond cleavage of alkenes, wherein the process is catalysed by first row transition metal nitro coordinated polyoxometalate catalyst. The catalyst can be prepared by pre-treatment of aqua coordinated polyoxometalates with NO.sub.2, or they are formed in situ when the reactions are carried in nitroalkanes under aerobic conditions, or they are formed in situ from nitrosyl (NO) compounds in the presence of O.sub.2.

The present invention relates to a process for preparing aldehydes and ketones by carbon-carbon bond cleavage of alkenes, wherein the process is catalysed by first row transition metal nitro coordinated polyoxometalate catalyst. The catalyst can be prepared by pre-treatment of aqua coordinated polyoxometalates with NO.sub.2, or they are formed in situ when the reactions are carried in nitroalkanes under aerobic conditions, or they are formed in situ from nitrosyl (NO) compounds in the presence of O.sub.2.

Small molecule xanthine oxidase inhibitors are provided, as well as compositions, methods for their use for treating disorders, mediated at least in part, by xanthine oxidase.

Compounds which directly inhibit IRE-1 activity in vitro, prodrugs, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Such compounds and prodrugs are useful for treating diseases associated with the unfolded protein response and can be used as single agents or in combination therapies.

Compounds which directly inhibit IRE-1 activity in vitro, prodrugs, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Such compounds and prodrugs are useful for treating diseases associated with the unfolded protein response and can be used as single agents or in combination therapies.

Described are methods for preparing a deuterated aldehyde using N-heterocyclic carbene catalysts in a solvent comprising D.sub.2O. The methods may be used to convert a wide variety of aldehydes (e.g., aryl, alkyl, or alkenyl aldehydes) to C-1 deuterated aldehydes under mild reaction conditions without functionality manipulation.