A Pb-free Sn-halide Perovskite solar cell with improved photoelectric conversion efficiency is provided. A solar cell uses a perovskite compound represented by ABX.sub.3 where A is a cation, B is a metal, and X is a halogen, wherein each of A, B and X may be composed of a plurality of elements, and B includes Sn and Ge.

Surface modification agents may be included in emulsified acidic treatment fluids to leave surfaces in carbonate formations water wet after acidizing operations. A method of acidizing a subterranean formation, comprising: providing a treatment fluid in the form of an invert emulsion, wherein the treatment fluid comprises: a hydrocarbon phase comprising an oil-soluble liquid and an emulsifier; and an aqueous acidic phase comprising water, an acid, and a surface modification agent; and introducing the treatment fluid into a wellbore.

A method of producing an epoxy compound, which comprises reacting hydrogen peroxide with a compound having a carbon-carbon double bond, in the presence of at least one of a tungsten compound and a molybdenum compound; and an onium salt comprising 20 or more carbon atoms and one or more of substituents convertible to a functional group containing an active hydrogen or a salt thereof.

A reactive antibacterial compound and a preparation method thereof are provided herein. The reactive antibacterial compound is represented by the general formula (I) or (II):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sub.1 represents OCN-L-NHCOOR, OCN-L-NHCONHR, OCN-L-NHCOSR, OCN-L-COOR, or OCN-L-COONHR. G1 represents OCN-M-NHCOOG, OCN-M-NHCONHG, OCN-M-NHCOSG, OCN-M-COOG, or OCN-M-COONHG. L, M, R and G independently for each occurrence represent divalent alkyl and cycloalkyl having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, optionally substituted by up to 18 heteroatoms. R.sub.4 and G.sub.4 independently for each occurrence represent a divalent alkyl and cycloalkyl having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, optionally substituted by at most 18 heteroatoms. G.sub.2 and G.sub.3 independently for each occurrence represent H, F, Cl, Br, I, OCH3, OCH2CH3, OPr, CN, SCN, NO, NO2, a monovalent unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl having from 1 to 7 carbon atoms. Z and X independently for each occurrence represent COO, SO3, or OPO2OR.sub.5. R.sub.5 represents a monovalent unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

A reactive antibacterial compound and a preparation method thereof are provided herein. The reactive antibacterial compound is represented by the general formula (I) or (II):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sub.1 represents OCN-L-NHCOOR, OCN-L-NHCONHR, OCN-L-NHCOSR, OCN-L-COOR, or OCN-L-COONHR. G1 represents OCN-M-NHCOOG, OCN-M-NHCONHG, OCN-M-NHCOSG, OCN-M-COOG, or OCN-M-COONHG. L, M, R and G independently for each occurrence represent divalent alkyl and cycloalkyl having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, optionally substituted by up to 18 heteroatoms. R.sub.4 and G.sub.4 independently for each occurrence represent a divalent alkyl and cycloalkyl having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, optionally substituted by at most 18 heteroatoms. G.sub.2 and G.sub.3 independently for each occurrence represent H, F, Cl, Br, I, OCH3, OCH2CH3, OPr, CN, SCN, NO, NO2, a monovalent unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl having from 1 to 7 carbon atoms. Z and X independently for each occurrence represent COO, SO3, or OPO2OR.sub.5. R.sub.5 represents a monovalent unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

Disclosed herein are compositions for use in an energy providing devices and methods of preparing such devices. Also included herein is energy providing devices that comprise a charged compound modified substrate or zwitterion-modified substrate or energy providing devices that comprise an electrolyte that comprises a perhalogenatedphenyl azide charged or zwitterionic compound.

Disclosed herein are compositions for use in an energy providing devices and methods of preparing such devices. Also included herein is energy providing devices that comprise a charged compound modified substrate or zwitterion-modified substrate or energy providing devices that comprise an electrolyte that comprises a perhalogenatedphenyl azide charged or zwitterionic compound.

The present invention provides a high-purity arylsulfonic acid amine salt vinyl monomer which is an extremely industrially useful arylsulfonic acid monomer with excellent storage stability and amphiphilic solubility in both water and organic solvents, a simple and practical method for producing the same, a polyarylsulfonic acid amine salt which is a polymer thereof, and a method for producing the same. In the arylsulfonic acid amine salt vinyl monomer, a tertiary amine having 2 or 3 different substituents that each have 1 to 7 carbon atoms and also containing at least one or more of tertiary carbon or quaternary carbon or cyclic skeleton in the structure is applied to an amine moiety thereof, and in addition, a polyarylsulfonic acid amine salt having high purity in terms of sulfonation rate and polymerization conversion rate and a polymer thereof are used.

The present invention provides a high-purity arylsulfonic acid amine salt vinyl monomer which is an extremely industrially useful arylsulfonic acid monomer with excellent storage stability and amphiphilic solubility in both water and organic solvents, a simple and practical method for producing the same, a polyarylsulfonic acid amine salt which is a polymer thereof, and a method for producing the same. In the arylsulfonic acid amine salt vinyl monomer, a tertiary amine having 2 or 3 different substituents that each have 1 to 7 carbon atoms and also containing at least one or more of tertiary carbon or quaternary carbon or cyclic skeleton in the structure is applied to an amine moiety thereof, and in addition, a polyarylsulfonic acid amine salt having high purity in terms of sulfonation rate and polymerization conversion rate and a polymer thereof are used.

Disclosed herein are compositions for use in an energy providing devices and methods of preparing such devices. Also included herein is energy providing devices that comprise a charged compound modified substrate or zwitterion-modified substrate or energy providing devices that comprise an electrolyte that comprises a perhalogenatedphenyl azide charged or zwitterionic compound.