Provided are immediate or prolonged administration of certain salts of K.sub.ATP channel openers such as diazoxide to a subject to achieve novel pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, therapeutic, physiological, metabolic and compositional outcomes in the treatment of diseases or conditions involving K.sub.ATP channels. Also provided are pharmaceutical formulations, methods of administration and dosing of the salts that achieve these outcomes and reduce the incidence of adverse effects in treated individuals. Further provided are method of co-administering the salts with other drugs to treat diseases of humans and animals.

Provided are immediate or prolonged administration of certain salts of K.sub.ATP channel openers such as diazoxide to a subject to achieve novel pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, therapeutic, physiological, metabolic and compositional outcomes in the treatment of diseases or conditions involving K.sub.ATP channels. Also provided are pharmaceutical formulations, methods of administration and dosing of the salts that achieve these outcomes and reduce the incidence of adverse effects in treated individuals. Further provided are method of co-administering the salts with other drugs to treat diseases of humans and animals.

The present invention relates to a process for preparing compounds of the formula (I)

##STR00001##

starting from compounds of the formula (II)

##STR00002##

wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.3′ are defined in according to the invention.

The present invention relates to a process for preparing compounds of the formula (I)

##STR00001##

starting from compounds of the formula (II)

##STR00002##

wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.3′ are defined in according to the invention.

Provided herein are metal halide perovskites, which may have a layered structure. The metal halide perovskites may emit white light. Also provided herein are neat films of the metal halide perovskites, films comprising a polymer matrix and the metal halide perovskites, and devices that include the metal halide perovskites. Methods of making metal halide perovskites also are provided.

A method for producing a cationic lipid, wherein a cationic lipid represented by formula (1) is mixed with a tetraalkylammonium salt having X.sup.− in an organic solvent, and a filtrate obtained by separating a tetraalkylammonium iodide deposited by filtration is concentrated to deposit a tetraalkylammonium iodide, thereby obtaining a cationic lipid represented by formula (2):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.5 and X.sup.− are as defined herein.

A method for producing a cationic lipid, wherein a cationic lipid represented by formula (1) is mixed with a tetraalkylammonium salt having X.sup.− in an organic solvent, and a filtrate obtained by separating a tetraalkylammonium iodide deposited by filtration is concentrated to deposit a tetraalkylammonium iodide, thereby obtaining a cationic lipid represented by formula (2):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.5 and X.sup.− are as defined herein.

A method for producing a cationic lipid, wherein a cationic lipid represented by formula (1) is mixed with a tetraalkylammonium salt having X.sup.− in an organic solvent, and a filtrate obtained by separating a tetraalkylammonium iodide deposited by filtration is concentrated to deposit a tetraalkylammonium iodide, thereby obtaining a cationic lipid represented by formula (2):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.5 and X.sup.− are as defined herein.

There is disclosed a cyclic process for producing taurine from monoethanolamine comprising the steps of: (a) recovering monoethanolamine sulfate from an aqueous mother liquor solution; (b) reacting the monoethanolamine sulfate with sulfuric acid to form an aqueous solution comprised of monoethanolamine bisulfate; (c) heating the aqueous solution comprised of the monoethanolamine sulfate and optionally added monoethanolamine sulfate to yield 2-aminoethyl hydrogen sulfate ester; (d) reacting the ester with ammonium sulfite or an alkali sulfite to yield taurine and ammonium or alkali sulfate; (e) separating taurine and ammonium or alkali sulfate to give an aqueous mother liquor solution; and (f) recovering the monoethanolamine sulfate from the aqueous mother liquor solution and recycling to the monoethanolamine sulfate to step (b).

There is disclosed a cyclic process for producing taurine from monoethanolamine comprising the steps of: (a) recovering monoethanolamine sulfate from an aqueous mother liquor solution; (b) reacting the monoethanolamine sulfate with sulfuric acid to form an aqueous solution comprised of monoethanolamine bisulfate; (c) heating the aqueous solution comprised of the monoethanolamine sulfate and optionally added monoethanolamine sulfate to yield 2-aminoethyl hydrogen sulfate ester; (d) reacting the ester with ammonium sulfite or an alkali sulfite to yield taurine and ammonium or alkali sulfate; (e) separating taurine and ammonium or alkali sulfate to give an aqueous mother liquor solution; and (f) recovering the monoethanolamine sulfate from the aqueous mother liquor solution and recycling to the monoethanolamine sulfate to step (b).